Theoretical perspectives
Here's a detailed list of vocabulary related to "Theoretical Perspectives" that can help you discuss various theoretical frameworks and viewpoints in English, suitable for the IELTS band score range of 6.5-8.0:
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Functionalism:
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Definition: A theoretical perspective that views society as a complex system with interconnected parts, each serving a specific function to maintain stability and social order.
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Example: Functionalists emphasize the role of institutions in promoting societal cohesion.
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Conflict Theory:
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Definition: A perspective that highlights the competition and struggle for power and resources within society, leading to social inequality and change.
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Example: Conflict theorists analyze the unequal distribution of wealth and its impact on different social groups.
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Symbolic Interactionism:
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Definition: A theoretical approach that focuses on how individuals interpret and give meaning to symbols and gestures in social interactions.
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Example: Symbolic interactionists study how people communicate through language, gestures, and other symbols.
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Social Constructionism:
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Definition: The belief that societal concepts and realities are shaped by human interpretations and social interactions.
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Example: Social constructionists argue that ideas like gender and race are not inherent but are constructed by society.
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Feminist Theory:
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Definition: A perspective that examines gender-based inequalities and advocates for gender equality in various social contexts.
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Example: Feminist theorists analyze how patriarchy affects women's opportunities and roles.
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Postmodernism:
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Definition: A philosophical perspective that challenges the notion of absolute truth and emphasizes the diversity of human experiences and viewpoints.
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Example: Postmodernists critique the grand narratives of history and question fixed identity categories.
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Structuralism:
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Definition: A theoretical approach that seeks to understand the underlying structures and patterns that shape human behavior and culture.
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Example: Structuralists analyze the underlying structures of language and myths.
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Poststructuralism:
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Definition: An extension of structuralism that questions the stability and coherence of language and meaning.
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Example: Poststructuralists emphasize the role of power in shaping language and social norms.
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Rational Choice Theory:
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Definition: A perspective that views individuals as rational decision-makers who weigh the costs and benefits of their actions.
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Example: Rational choice theorists study how people make decisions in economic and social contexts.
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Systems Theory:
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Definition: A perspective that examines complex entities as interconnected systems with interdependent parts and interactions.
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Example: Systems theory is applied in various disciplines, such as biology, ecology, and organizational studies.
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Cultural Materialism:
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Definition: A theoretical framework that examines how material conditions and resources influence cultural behaviors and practices.
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Example: Cultural materialists study how economic factors impact cultural beliefs and traditions.
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Ecological Systems Theory:
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Definition: A perspective that explores the interactions between individuals and their social environments at multiple levels.
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Example: Ecological systems theory considers how family, school, community, and society influence an individual's development.
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Critical Theory:
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Definition: A perspective that critiques social institutions and power structures to promote social justice and equality.
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Example: Critical theorists analyze the role of media in perpetuating stereotypes and ideologies.
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Phenomenology:
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Definition: A philosophical approach that focuses on the first-hand experiences of individuals to understand human consciousness and perception.
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Example: Phenomenologists study how individuals experience and interpret the world around them.
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Functional Structuralism:
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Definition: A combination of functionalism and structuralism, examining how social structures fulfill specific functions in society.
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Example: Functional structuralists analyze how family structures contribute to societal stability.
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By familiarizing yourself with these theoretical perspectives and related vocabulary, you can engage in thoughtful discussions about sociological and philosophical concepts, contributing to a higher band score in the IELTS exam. Good luck with your studies!
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