1. Inequality:

   • Definition: The state of being unequal in terms of opportunities, resources, or social status, often leading to disparities and social divisions.

2. Poverty:

   • Definition: The condition of lacking basic necessities and resources, often associated with a low standard of living and limited access to education, healthcare, and food.

3. Discrimination:

   • Definition: The unjust treatment or prejudice against individuals or groups based on their race, gender, ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics.

4. Social Justice:

   • Definition: The concept of promoting fairness and equality in society, ensuring that all individuals have equal access to rights, opportunities, and resources.

5. Marginalization:

   • Definition: The process of pushing individuals or groups to the edges of society, making them feel excluded or less valued.

6. Homelessness:

   • Definition: The condition of lacking a permanent and safe place to live, often resulting in individuals living on the streets or in temporary shelters.

7. Substance Abuse:

   • Definition: The excessive use of drugs or alcohol, often leading to physical, psychological, and social problems.

8. Mental Health:

   • Definition: The state of emotional, psychological, and social well-being, encompassing factors such as stress, anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders.

9. Domestic Violence:

   • Definition: The physical, emotional, or psychological abuse within a domestic or family setting, often perpetrated by a partner or family member.

10. Gender Equality:

    • Definition: The belief in equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for people of all genders, aiming to eliminate gender-based discrimination and stereotypes.

11. Racism:

    • Definition: The belief in the superiority of one race over others, leading to discrimination and prejudice against individuals based on their race.

12. Climate Change:

    • Definition: The long-term alteration of Earth's climate due to human activities, leading to global warming and environmental challenges.

13. Immigration:

    • Definition: The movement of people from one country to another for various reasons, often leading to debates and discussions about cultural integration and societal impact.

14. Unemployment:

    • Definition: The state of being without a job and actively seeking employment.

15. Education Disparities:

    • Definition: Inequalities in educational opportunities and resources, often resulting in disparities in academic achievement among different groups.

16. Human Rights:

    • Definition: Fundamental rights and freedoms to which all individuals are entitled, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, or other characteristics.

17. Environmental Pollution:

    • Definition: The release of harmful substances into the environment, leading to environmental degradation and health hazards.

18. Child Labor:

    • Definition: The employment of children in work that is harmful to their physical or mental development and interferes with their education.

19. Access to Healthcare:

    • Definition: The availability and affordability of medical services and treatment for all individuals within a society.

20. Aging Population:

    • Definition: An increase in the proportion of elderly individuals in the population, leading to challenges in healthcare and social services.

21. Humanitarian Crises:

    • Definition: Large-scale emergencies that result from natural disasters, conflicts, or other events, leading to the need for humanitarian aid and assistance.

22. Hunger and Food Insecurity:

    • Definition: The lack of access to sufficient and nutritious food, often resulting in malnutrition and health problems.

23. LGBTQ+ Rights:

    • Definition: The advocacy for the rights and acceptance of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals.

24. Drug Trafficking:

    • Definition: The illegal trade and distribution of drugs, leading to various social, economic, and health consequences.

25. Internet Privacy and Cybersecurity:

    • Definition: Concerns and challenges related to the protection of personal information and data in the digital age.

26. Access to Clean Water:

    • Definition: Ensuring that all individuals have access to safe and clean drinking water for their daily needs.

27. Economic Disparities:

    • Definition: Inequalities in income and wealth distribution, leading to disparities in opportunities and living standards.

28. Youth Empowerment:

    • Definition: Initiatives and efforts aimed at promoting the active participation and engagement of young people in society.

29. Political Corruption:

    • Definition: The abuse of power by government officials for personal gain, leading to a loss of public trust in political institutions.

30. Social Cohesion:

    • Definition: The sense of unity and cooperation within a society, promoting harmonious relationships among diverse groups.

Remember to review and practice using these vocabulary words in various contexts to reinforce your understanding and ability to use them effectively in your speaking and writing tasks for the IELTS exam.