Scientific principles

1. Hypothesis

   • A testable statement or prediction based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for further investigation.

2. Experiment

   • A carefully designed procedure carried out to investigate a scientific question or hypothesis.

3. Control Group

   • In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable and used as a basis for comparison.

4. Variables

   • Factors that can be measured or controlled in an experiment, influencing the outcome.

5. Data

   • Information, measurements, or observations collected during an experiment.

6. Results

   • The outcomes or findings of an experiment, presented in a quantitative or qualitative manner.

7. Analysis

   • The examination of data to identify patterns, trends, or relationships.

8. Conclusion

   • A summary of the results and the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis based on evidence.

9. Theory

   • A well-substantiated explanation of natural phenomena, supported by extensive evidence.

10. Law

    • A concise statement that describes a fundamental relationship observed in nature, supported by consistent evidence.

11. Empirical Evidence

    • Data obtained through direct observation or experimentation.

12. Replication

    • The repetition of an experiment to validate or challenge its results.

13. Sample Size

    • The number of subjects or data points used in an experiment or study.

14. Accuracy

    • The degree of closeness between a measured value and the true value.

15. Precision

    • The degree of consistency or reproducibility of measurements.

16. Inference

    • A logical conclusion or deduction based on evidence and reasoning.

17. Causation

    • The relationship between cause and effect, indicating that one event leads to another.

18. Correlation

    • A relationship between two variables that tend to change together, without implying causation.

19. Bias

    • Prejudice or favoritism that may affect the objectivity of data collection or analysis.

20. Peer Review

    • Evaluation of research or scientific work by experts in the same field to ensure quality and validity.

21. Reproducibility

    • The ability of other researchers to obtain similar results when repeating an experiment.

22. Independent Variable

    • The variable that is deliberately manipulated in an experiment.

23. Dependent Variable

    • The variable that is measured or observed and affected by changes in the independent variable.

24. Null Hypothesis

    • A statement suggesting that there is no significant relationship between variables in an experiment.

25. Statistical Significance

    • The likelihood that the results of an experiment are not due to chance.

26. Controlled Variables

    • The factors in an experiment that are intentionally kept constant to prevent them from influencing the results.

27. Experimental Error

    • The inaccuracies or uncertainties that may arise during the conduct of an experiment.

28. Validity

    • The extent to which a test, experiment, or study accurately measures what it intends to measure.

29. Reliability

    • The consistency and stability of the results obtained from an experiment or measurement.

30. Bias

    • A systematic error in data collection or analysis that results in a deviation from the true value.

31. Sample Bias

    • A bias that arises when the sample used in a study does not accurately represent the entire population.

32. Confounding Variable

    • An extraneous factor that may affect the results of an experiment and confuses the interpretation of the data.

33. Ethics

    • The moral principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of research involving human subjects or animals.

34. Informed Consent

    • Consent obtained from participants in a study after they have been fully informed about the nature of the research.

35. Anecdotal Evidence

    • Evidence based on personal accounts or stories, which may not be reliable for drawing scientific conclusions.

36. Statistical Analysis

    • The process of using statistical methods to analyze data and draw meaningful conclusions.

37. Randomization

    • The process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment randomly, reducing bias.

38. Standard Deviation

    • A measure of the spread or variability of data points from the mean in a data set.

39. Normal Distribution

    • A symmetrical bell-shaped distribution of data points around the mean, commonly found in nature.

40. Probability

    • The likelihood of an event or outcome occurring, expressed as a percentage or fraction.

41. Significance Level

    • The threshold used to determine whether the results of an experiment are statistically significant.

42. Research Design

    • The overall plan or structure of an experiment or study, including its methodology and data collection procedures.

43. Peer Review Process

    • The evaluation of research or academic work by experts in the same field before publication.

44. Systematic Review

    • A comprehensive review of existing literature and research studies on a particular topic.

45. Literature Review

    • A critical examination and summary of the available literature on a specific research question.

Remember to practice using these scientific principles vocabulary words in context to reinforce your understanding and improve your language skills. Familiarity with these terms will enable you to discuss scientific concepts effectively and confidently in academic settings, which can contribute to your success in the IELTS exam. Best of luck with your studies!