1. Informed Consent

   • The process of obtaining voluntary agreement from research participants after providing them with relevant information about the study's purpose, risks, and benefits.

2. Confidentiality

   • Ensuring that the identities and personal information of research participants are kept private and protected.

3. Anonymity

   • Keeping the identities of research participants completely unknown and unidentifiable to anyone, including the researcher.

4. Research Protocol

   • A detailed plan outlining the research design, objectives, methodology, and procedures, including ethical considerations.

5. Ethics Committee

   • An independent body that reviews and approves research studies to ensure they comply with ethical guidelines.

6. Institutional Review Board (IRB)

   • A committee responsible for reviewing and approving research proposals involving human subjects.

7. Human Subjects

   • Individuals who participate in research studies or experiments.

8. Vulnerable Populations

   • Groups that may be at higher risk of harm or exploitation during research, such as children, prisoners, and individuals with cognitive impairments.

9. Deception

   • Deliberately withholding information from research participants to maintain the study's integrity, with appropriate debriefing afterward.

10. Risk-Benefit Analysis

    • Assessing the potential risks and benefits of a research study to ensure that the benefits outweigh any potential harm.

11. Coercion

    • Pressuring or influencing participants to take part in a study against their will.

12. Data Fabrication

    • Making up or falsifying research data instead of collecting actual data from the study.

13. Plagiarism

    • Using someone else's work, ideas, or words without proper acknowledgment or citation.

14. Conflict of Interest

    • A situation where a researcher's personal or financial interests may compromise the objectivity and integrity of the research.

15. Research Misconduct

    • Serious violations of research ethics, including data falsification, plagiarism, and unethical behavior.

16. Ethical Dilemma

    • A situation where there are conflicting ethical principles, making it challenging to determine the best course of action.

17. Beneficence

    • The principle of maximizing benefits for research participants and minimizing potential harm.

18. Non-maleficence

    • The principle of avoiding harm to research participants and ensuring their well-being.

19. Respect for Autonomy

    • Respecting the rights of research participants to make informed decisions and exercise free will.

20. Justice

    • Ensuring fairness in the distribution of research benefits and risks among participants.

21. Institutional Affiliation

    • The organization or institution to which the researcher belongs and where the study is conducted.

22. Voluntary Participation

    • Ensuring that research participants willingly choose to take part in the study without any coercion.

23. Withdrawal Rights

    • The right of research participants to leave the study at any time without facing any consequences.

24. Inclusion Criteria

    • The specific characteristics or conditions that qualify individuals to participate in a research study.

25. Exclusion Criteria

    • The specific characteristics or conditions that disqualify individuals from participating in a research study.

26. Informed Assent

    • Obtaining agreement to participate in research from individuals who may not fully comprehend the research but can provide their willingness to participate.

27. Research Integrity

    • The adherence to high ethical standards and principles in the design, conduct, and reporting of research.

28. Data Privacy

    • Ensuring that research data are securely stored and only accessible to authorized personnel.

29. Research Compliance

    • Following the established rules, regulations, and ethical guidelines governing research.

30. Research Misconduct

    • Intentional or grossly negligent behavior that undermines the integrity of research, such as fabrication of data, plagiarism, or unethical practices.

31. Participant Well-being

    • The responsibility of researchers to prioritize the health and safety of research participants.

32. Publication Ethics

    • Ethical considerations related to the dissemination of research findings through academic journals or other publications.

33. Dual Use Research

    • Research that may have both beneficial and harmful applications, such as studies involving sensitive information or potentially dangerous technologies.

34. Informed Withdrawal

    • The process of providing participants with information about their right to leave the study at any time and without prejudice.

35. Research Accountability

    • The responsibility of researchers to be transparent and accountable for their research methods and findings.

Remember to practice using these words in context and familiarize yourself with the ethical guidelines relevant to research studies. Ethical considerations are crucial in conducting valid and reliable research while safeguarding the rights and well-being of research participants. Good luck with your IELTS preparation!