Disciplinary vocabulary

1. Medical Science:

   • Diagnosis: Identifying a disease or condition based on symptoms and examination.

   • Prognosis: The likely course and outcome of a medical condition.

   • Pathology: The study of disease causes, development, and effects.

   • Epidemiology: Investigating patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations.

   • Pharmacology: The study of drugs and their effects on the body.

   • Anesthesia: The administration of drugs to induce loss of sensation during surgery.

   • Radiology: The use of imaging technology (X-rays, MRI, CT scan) to diagnose and treat diseases.

   • Immunology: The study of the body's immune system and its response to diseases.

   • Neurology: The branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the nervous system.

   • Hematology: The study of blood and blood-forming tissues.

2. Environmental Science:

   • Biodiversity: The variety of living organisms in a particular ecosystem.

   • Ecosystem: A community of living organisms and their interactions with the environment.

   • Sustainable: Development or practices that meet present needs without compromising future generations.

   • Climate Change: Long-term alterations in Earth's climate due to human activities and natural processes.

   • Deforestation: The clearing of forests for various purposes, often leading to environmental issues.

   • Ecological Footprint: The impact of an individual or community on the environment in terms of resource consumption.

   • Carbon Footprint: The amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by human activities.

   • Greenhouse Gases: Gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect.

   • Renewable Energy: Energy sources derived from natural processes and replenished over time.

   • Conservation: The protection and preservation of natural resources and biodiversity.

3. Economics:

   • Microeconomics: The study of individual economic agents and their interactions in markets.

   • Macroeconomics: The study of the overall economy, including inflation, unemployment, and GDP.

   • Supply and Demand: The relationship between the availability of goods and services and their demand by consumers.

   • Fiscal Policy: Government measures concerning taxation and spending to influence the economy.

   • Monetary Policy: Actions taken by central banks to regulate the money supply and interest rates.

   • Inflation: The general increase in prices and decrease in purchasing power of money.

   • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced in a country in a specific time period.

   • Consumer Price Index (CPI): A measure of the average change in prices of consumer goods and services.

   • Exchange Rate: The value of one currency in terms of another, affecting international trade and investment.

   • Economic Indicators: Statistics used to assess the health and performance of an economy.

4. Psychology:

   • Cognitive: Relating to mental processes such as thinking, perception, and memory.

   • Behaviorism: A psychological perspective focusing on observable behaviors and their conditioning.

   • Psychosocial: The interaction between psychological and social factors in influencing behavior and development.

   • Consciousness: The state of being aware of thoughts, emotions, and the external environment.

   • Perception: The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information to understand the world.

   • Conditioning: Learning through associations between stimuli and responses.

   • Emotion Regulation: The ability to manage and control one's emotions effectively.

   • Self-esteem: The subjective evaluation of one's worth and abilities.

   • Trauma: Emotional and psychological response to a distressing event or experience.

   • Resilience: The capacity to recover and adapt in the face of adversity.

5. Engineering:

   • Mechanical Engineering: The design and analysis of mechanical systems and devices.

   • Civil Engineering: The planning and construction of infrastructure and public works projects.

   • Electrical Engineering: The study of electrical circuits, electronics, and power systems.

   • Structural Analysis: The examination of structures to ensure stability and safety.

   • Thermodynamics: The study of heat transfer and energy conversion in systems.

   • Fluid Dynamics: The behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion.

   • Robotics: The design and development of mechanical robots for automation and human assistance.

   • Nanotechnology: The manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular level.

   • Renewable Energy Systems: Technologies that harness energy from renewable sources like solar and wind.

   • Materials Science: The study of the properties and applications of materials.

6. Political Science:

   • Democracy: A form of government where power is vested in the people, exercised through elected representatives.

   • Authoritarianism: A system of government with centralized authority and limited political freedoms.

   • International Relations: The study of interactions between countries and their foreign policies.

   • Political Ideology: A set of beliefs and values that shape political opinions and actions.

   • Public Policy: Government actions and decisions to address public issues and concerns.

   • Global Governance: Mechanisms and institutions for addressing global challenges and cooperation.

   • Political Participation: Involvement in political processes, such as voting and activism.

   • Civil Liberties: Fundamental individual rights protected by law from government interference.

   • Human Rights: Universal rights and freedoms inherent to all individuals regardless of nationality or status.

   • Diplomacy: The practice of conducting negotiations and managing international relations.

7. Literature:

   • Symbolism: The use of symbols to represent ideas, emotions, or themes in literary works.

   • Allegory: A narrative where characters and events represent abstract ideas or moral lessons.

   • Foreshadowing: Hints or clues about future events in a story.

   • Satire: The use of humor, irony, or ridicule to criticize and expose human folly or vices.

   • Imagery: Vivid and descriptive language that appeals to the senses and creates mental images.

   • Allusion: A reference to a well-known person, event, or literary work within a text.

   • Protagonist: The main character or hero of a story.

   • Antagonist: The character or force that opposes the protagonist.

   • Sonnet: A poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with various rhyme schemes.

   • Haiku: A traditional Japanese poem of three lines with a syllable pattern of 5-7-5.

8. Computer Science:

   • Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a task.

   • Programming: Writing and coding instructions for computers to execute.

   • Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence in machines.

   • Data Structures: Organized ways of storing and managing data for efficient access and modification.

   • Machine Learning: A subset of AI that enables computers to learn from data and improve performance over time.

   • Cybersecurity: Measures to protect computer systems and networks from security breaches.

   • Software Engineering: The systematic design and development of software applications.

   • Cloud Computing: The use of remote servers to store, manage, and process data over the internet.

   • Internet of Things (IoT): Interconnected devices that can collect and exchange data over the internet.

   • Virtual Reality: Computer-generated simulation that replicates a real or imagined environment.

9. Education:

   • Pedagogy: The theory and practice of teaching and education methods.

   • Curriculum: The subjects and content taught in an educational program.

   • Assessment: The evaluation of students' learning and academic performance.

   • Differentiation: Adapting instruction to meet individual students' needs and abilities.

   • Inclusive Education: Providing education to students with diverse abilities and backgrounds in mainstream settings.

   • Classroom Management: Strategies for maintaining an effective and orderly learning environment.

   • Learning Outcomes: The expected knowledge, skills, and attitudes that students should achieve.

   • Educational Psychology: The study of how individuals learn and develop in educational settings.

   • Lifelong Learning: Continuous learning and skill development throughout one's life.

   • Special Education: Educational programs and support for students with disabilities or special needs.

10. History:

    • Historiography: The study of historical writing and the methods used by historians.

    • Archaeology: The study of past human cultures through the analysis of artifacts and remains.

    • Enlightenment: An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason and science.

    • Industrial Revolution: The period of significant technological advancements and economic changes in the 18th and 19th centuries.

    • Cold War: The geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union from the late 1940s to the early 1990s.

    • Renaissance: A period of cultural and intellectual rebirth in Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries.

    • Colonization: The establishment and control of territories by foreign powers.

    • World War I and II: Major global conflicts that occurred in the early and mid-20th century.

    • Imperialism: The policy of extending a nation's influence and control over other territories.

    • Genocide: The deliberate extermination of a particular ethnic, racial, or religious group.

Remember to use disciplinary vocabulary appropriately and accurately in the context of your responses. To improve your proficiency in these fields, read academic literature, research papers, and specialized books related to your area of interest. Expanding your disciplinary vocabulary will not only impress examiners but also enrich your understanding of specific subjects. Happy studying!