IELTS Recent Mock Tests Volume 6

Published on: 15 Nov 2018
Tests taken: 2,553,671

Answer Keys:

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Part 1: Question 1 - 10

1 engineering
2 car salesman
3 (play)(ing) chess
4 electronics

5 1,200
6 immediately
7 (speaks) Spanish
8 10 A,E,F

Part 2: Question 11 - 20

11 consultation(s)
12 diet
13 test
14 monthly
15 three

16 C
17 A
18 E
19 F
20 B

Part 3: Question 21 - 30

21 B
22 C
23 A
24 B
25 C

26 7
27 MBP
28 not stable
29 bad attitude
30 health problems

Part 4: Question 31 - 40

31 C
32 C
33 A
34 limestone
35 solidifies

36 fault lines
37 calcium
38 flowstone
39 1986
40 bottom up

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How to Do Short Answer Type of Questions in IELTS Reading?

Short answer questions are perhaps the easiest questions in IELTS reading exam. In these questions, you are to give your answers in one word...

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Review & Explanations:

Part 1: Questions 1-10

Questions 1-7

Complete the form.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Client Details
Name: Andrew Peterson (Example) Educational Qualification: Degree in 1 Previous Job: 2 Hobbies: 3 Main Skills: 4 Expected Salary ($): 5 Can start? 6 Other languages? 7

1 Answer: engineering

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keyword concerned in Q1 must be “ degree” or “level of education”.
From the question, we can assume that the answer must be a field.
As the woman asks the man to tell her his current degree, the man replies that he hasn’t finished it yet through the sentence “I’m still doing it”, but he shows that his field is engineering. So we can guess that his degree is in engineering. Thus, the answer must be the word “engineering”. We can be misunderstand by the phrase “ studying computer”, which is also a field. But the man only mentions as his friends’ subject and his interest. Thus, the answer must be the word “engineering”.

2 Answer: car salesman

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keyword concerned in Q2 must be “job”.
From the question, we can guess that the answer can be a job.
As the woman asks the man to tell her his previous job he worked, the man confirms that “the only job I’ve ever had was as a car salesman”. Thus, the answer must be “car salesman”.

3 Answer: (play)(ing) chess
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q3 must be “hobbies”.
- From the question, we can assume that the answer must be an activities he interests in.
- As the woman asks the man to tell her his hobbies, we need to listen carefully to give the exact answer. Although Andrew mentions both playing chess and tennis, but about tennis in which he just plays not be interested. We can eliminate “tennis” and the answer is certainly the other “playing chess”.
4 Answer: electronics
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q4 must be “main skills”.
- From the question, we can assume that the answer must be skill.
- Accordingly, the man mentions 2 things “electrical machines” and “generating systems” which is the skills he studies. But then he emphasises that “electronics” is his best skill. Therefore, the answer for this question must be “electronics”.
5 Answer: 1,200
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q5 must be “expected salary”.
- From the question, we can assume that the answer must be a number.
- Accordingly, the man want to know his standard payment he will get. In this question, we need to listen carefully since there are three numbers which are mentioned “1000”, “1500” and “1200”. But “1000” and “1500” is only a predictable numbers of the man. Then the woman gives the particular payment is “1200” and the man also pleasure with it “That’s fine by me”. Therefore, the answer for this question must be “1200”.
6 Answer: immediately
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q6 must be “start”
- From the question, we can assume that the answer must be particular time.
- The woman asks the man that “When can you start?” and she guesses that he may take two days to prepare for this new job. But then the man replies “I’ll be able to start immediately “. Therefore the answer must be “immediately”.
7 Answer: (speaks) Spanish
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q7 must be “language”.
- From the question, we can assume that the answer must be language.
- The woman asks him to language and she hopes that he knows Chinese “A Chinese speaker would go down well“ . But not, Spanish is his other language with the given reason that he grew up with some friends coming from South America. Therefore, the answer must be “Spanish”.

Questions 8-10

Choose THREE letters from the list, A-G.

Which THREE qualities do employers most value in their staff?

A Problem-solving skills
B Diligence
C Experience
D Flexible hours
E Independent thinking
F Good personality
G Qualifications

8-10 Answer: A,E,F
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q8, 9, 10 must be “qualities employers want to see in their staff”.
- From the question, we can assume that the answer must be good qualities.
- In the beginning, the woman mentions 3 great qualities “Being hardworking, diligent, and focused on your job is good”, but they are not most value qualities in staffs. Accordingly, the first skill required is “thinking for yourself, outside the box as they say, and being free of the standard ways of approaching tasks” or say in another way is “independent thinking”. The staff should free themselves out of the foggy thoughts, permanent ways.
The second skill is “get along with others” or say in another way is “get used to others employees”, “friendly”, “good personality”. The woman also emphasises that this skills is more important than “academic qualifications”.

The third skill is “got to fix them in a way that creates the least disturbance” or say in another way is “problem-solving skills”.

Therefore, the answers in this big this question is A, E , F.

Part 1

Part 2: Questions 11-20

Questions 11-15

Answer the questions.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

What does the centre provide first?

What is important to control?

What will be used to assess member's fitness level?

How often is the exercise schedule reviewed?

How many exercise programs are available?

11 Answer: consultation(s)
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q11 must be “centre”, “provide” and “first”.
- From the passage, we can listen the phrase “the initial step”, its mean is similar to the word “first”. In the passage, “the initial step is a one-and-a-half-hour consultation”. Therefore, the answer for this question is “ consultation”.
12 Answer: diet
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q12 must be “important” and “control”
- According to the passage, the speaker emphasizes that “an important part of this consultation involves analysing what you eat”. However, he show worry since it is the problem having no ways to exercise. Thus, controlling “diet” in discipline is the important thing.
- We can guess that “diet” is the exact answer for this question.
13 Answer: test
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q13 must be “member’s fitness level”
- Accordingly, to set “an exercise regime suitable for your level of fitness, so that will involve a test” or in another way, “test will be used to assess member fitness level”. So, the answer for this question must be the word “test”.
14 Answer: monthly
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q14 must be “exercise schedule” and “review”. The answer for this question show clearly if you listen carefully. The speaker states that the fit will be monitored during every subsequent consultation, along with your exercise schedule, and that occurs monthly”. We can be misunderstand by the phrase “half-yearly” but focus on the word “not”. Occurring half-yearly exercise schedule is in many other centres not this centre. Therefore, the answer for this question must be “monthly”.
15 Answer: three
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q15 must be ”exercise program”, “available”
- Accordingly, overall, the speaker gives three options to the customer “muscle mass, stamina, or general fitness”. Although the speaker mentions particularly advantages and disadvantages of each of exercise program, since we can listen carefully. There are three exercise programs which is available.

Questions 16-20

Write the correct letter, A-G, next to the questions.

Which place is best for

A	jogging machines
B	Yoga studio
C	Weight units
D	Front-desk area
E	Squash courts
F	Shower blocks
G	Swimming pool

16 developing confidence?

17 reducing stress?

18 building fitness?

19 meeting others?

20 finding information?

16 Answer: C
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q16 must be “developing confidence”.
- According to the passage, muscle mass helps the guys become more confident in impressing the girls. And to hit that target, they need their “high-stress weight units”. In another way, weight units can make the guys develop confidence.
- Therefore, the answer for this question must be C.
17 Answer: A
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q17 must be “reducing stress”.
- From the passage, we can see that the phrase “reduce stress” is similar to the phrase “beating the tension of life” . To achieve that, the speaker mentions many activities such as playing squash, swimming, ... and emphasises jogger is the best activity for it. Therefore, “jogging machines” helps to reduce stress. The answer for this question must be A.
18 Answer: E
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q18 must be “building fitness” .
- From the passage, the phrase “building fitness” is similar to “good fitness”.
- Although the speaker mentions yoga as activity providing good fitness, then the speaker emphasizes that playing squash is the optimum way to improve general well being. Therefore, the option E is the right answer.
19 Answer: F
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q19 must be “meeting others”.
- As the passage, the phrase “meeting others: is similar to the phrase “get to know people”.
- Although the speaker mentions “yoga classes have a pre- and post-meeting session, so you’ll certainly meet others there” , it is limited because of locating yoga enthusiasts but not everyone. Then we can listen that “everyone showers, right, so those facilities are where you’ll hear all sorts of interesting conversations, and really get to know people”.
- Therefore, the answer for this question must be F.
20 Answer: B
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q20 must be “finding information”.
- From the passage, we can listen that “but for knowing more about a greater variety of subjects and community concerns, look at the notice board in the yoga studio”. Therefore, the answer for this question must be B.

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Part 2

Part 3: Questions 21-30

Questions 21-25

Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.

The position needs someone good at

A Computers.
B Dealing with people.
C Arts.

Answer: B

Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q21 must be “position”, “good at”. “need”
As the passage, the word “need” is similar to the word “skill”. Although the passage mentions “art” but then dir A states that it is not important that whether the person comes from the arts faculty or not “it can be from any faculty”. Because the optimum of this position requiring “handling personnel, settling disputes, and motivating them to focus on the task.” Or in another way, the position needs someone good at dealing with people.
Therefore, the answer for this question must be B.

The directors will select someone from the faculty of

A Arts.
B Computing.
C Business.

Answer: C

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q22 must be “select” and “faculty”.
From the passage, although dir A mentions to computing but they are rejected because “They’ll all too new, lacking in sufficient experience”, While “these ones from the business faculty are longtimers”, it is the reason why the director selects someone coming from the faculty of business.
Therefore, the answer for this question must be C.

The position will require the person to

A Work long hours.
B Train others.
C Do weekend work.

Answer: A

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q23 must be “position” and “require”.
We can listen the phrase “train the person” but it is the work of employers, “the position will require the person to do overtime”.In another way, he or she will have to expect to work long hours. Therefore, the answer for this question must be A.

The position will come with a

A Car.
B Parking space.
C Much better salary.

Answer: B

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keyword concerned in Q24 must be “position” and “come with”
We can understand the mean of this question is benefits of the position . We utterly can give the answer of this question by eliminating 2 options A and C. Because the passage lists some benefits, consist of : overtime rates, a nice place to put your car, as well as additional petrol money. We can see that the position can get a nice place to put car or in another way the position will come with a parking space.
Therefore, the answer for this question must be B.

The best aspect of the job is it

A Gives more responsibility.
B Comes with a private office.
C Is a step to higher positions

Answer: C

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q25 must be “best aspect” and “job”

From the passage, Although the passage mentions the option A “responsibility” but it carry the mean that that job’s benefits are limited comparing to work and responsibility they give. So the option A is wrong.

The option B is also mentioned by the passage. But it is not the best aspect of job, it is the result if the employees work hard “these candidates should realise that if they do this job well, there’ll be more promotions down the line”.

Therefore, the answer for this question must be the option C.

Questions 26-30

Complete the table.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

	Candidates
	Steven	Abdul	Lek	Oscar
Years of Experience	26	7	8	12
Qualification	MBA	27	degree	Certificates
Possible Concerns	28	limited English	29	30

26 Answer: 7
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q26 must be “Steven” and “years of experience”.
- As the passage, the man states clearly:” Abdul and Steven both have seven years”
- Therefore, the answer for this question must be “seven”
27 Answer: MBP
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q27 must be “Abdul”, “qualification”
- Although the passage states that “Steven and Abdul have an MBA” but then he says “sorry” to show that it is the wrong information. The right information of Abdul’s qualification must be “Abdul’s got something called a M.B.P. — some foreign thing which translates as Master of Business Practice.”.
- Therefore the answer for this question must be “M.B.P”
28 Answer: not stable
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keyword concerned in Q28 must be “possible concern”and “ Steven”
- We can listen some valuable phrases such as “drawbacks” and “possible issues”. It is useful to locate the correct answer for this question. The first problem is mentioned about Steven is alcohol but then be denied immediately. After his first opinion is wrong, dir A continues guess “he’s not stable.”. And it is right through the sentence “Not stable at all, apparently”
- Therefore, the answer for this question must be “not stable”.
29 Answer: bad attitude
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q29 must be “Lek”, “possible concern”
- According to the passage, although Lek has good language ability but “this job involves handling people, and his dean says Lek’s attitude is bad”. In another way the drawback of Lek is bad attitude.
- Therefore, the answer for this question must be “bad attitude”.
30 Answer: health problems
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q30 must be “Oscar“ , “possible concerns”
- If we listen carelessly, it is easily to be wrong with the answer “language”. But the passage states “His first language isn’t English, but he speaks it well enough.” Thus, language is not problem with Oscar. It is similar to the issue “age”. But Oscar’s age comes “health problems” which is his right possible concern.
- Therefore, the answer for this question must be “health problems”.

Previous Next

Part 3

Part 4: Questions 31-40

Questions 31-33

Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.

Caves are

A Often ignored.
B Mostly in remote areas.
C Often difficult to explore.

Answer: C

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keyword concerned in Q31 must be “caves” and “research programme”.
According to the passage, the speaker says that “No known cave in the world can exist without it being extensively explored”. In another way, caves often are explored and interested by people”. Therefore, the option A is the incorrect answer for this question.
About the option B, although the passage mentions remote areas, the speaker uses it to state that caves appearing everywhere “whether it be in remote areas, such as the Clearwater Cave in Borneo, or immensely long and difficult, such as Mammoth Cave in America “ and being always explored by people. Thus, it is incorrect.
About option C, the speaker states that “if the caves are known, as complex and difficult as they usually are, they will be explored.”. Therefore, the answer for this question must be the option C.

People who explore caves

A Mostly need to know about cartography
B Enjoy overcoming the difficulties.
C Usually know about cave sciences.

Answer: C

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q32 must be “people”, “explore” and “cave”.
About the option A, and it is not the right answer of this question. The speaker only mentions “cartography” as one of the disciplines of speleology.
About the option B, it is also the incorrect answer. Because it is nowhere to be found in the passage.
About the option C, of course, it is right. The speaker should that “If the exploration is just for fun, the activity is known as caving, but with the difficulties and dangers involved, the average caver is often involved with one of these speleological sciences.”. In another way, people who explores caves usually know about sciences. Therefore, the answer for this question must be the option C.

China has

A Probably the most undiscovered caves.
B A growing number of cave explorers.
C Some of the best documented caves.

Answer: A

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q33 must be “China” .
The author gives information “As for the number of caves in the world, research suggests that only a fraction have been found and documented” and uses China to exemplify. Basing the above sentence we can guess the answer may be A.
Then the speaker also states :” China, for example, has huge areas of limestone bedrock—prime material for cave formation—and logically must contain among the largest number of caves in the world, yet only few are documented due to the lack of interest in caving there” Therefore, the answer for this question must be the option A.

Questions 34-40

Complete the table and notes.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Three Main Reasons for Cave Formation
Dissolution	Volcanic Lava Tubes	Action of Waves
mainly involves 34	topmost surface cools down and 35 hotter lava continue to flow beneath	waves pound in to cliffs then erode into 36 or less rigid rocks.
Limestone caves	often have formations made of 37 carbonate e.g. stalactites, stalagmites, and 38
e.g. Lechuguilla	finally revealed in 39 interestingly, formed from the 40

34 Answer: limestone
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q34 must be “mainly involve” and “dissolution”.
- From the passage, the speaker mentions dissolution and explain in detail about it. Then he states that “The largest and most common of these involves limestone, although other materials are possible, including gypsum, marble, and even salt.”. The phrase “mainly involve” is similar to the phrase “the largest and most common of these”. These in this sentence , is “dissolution”. Therefore, the answer for this question must be limestone.
35 Answer: solidifies

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q35 must be “volcanic lava tubes” and “topmost surface cools down”

According to the passage, the speaker states that “When lava from volcanoes flows downhill, the topmost surface cools and solidifies first, leaving the hotter lava to continue to flow beneath”. Therefore, the answer must be “solidifies”..
36 Answer: fault lines

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q36 must be “action of waves” and “waves pound in to cliffs then erode into”.

According to the passage, the speaker shows that :” there are sea caves, formed from waves pounding into coastal cliffs, and eroding into fault lines, or softer rock”

Therefore, fault lines must be the answer for this question
37 Answer: calcium

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q 37 must be “Limestone caves” and “made of”, “carbonate”.

The author mentions more about limestone formations “As the groundwater seeps downward through the ceiling of the caves, it encounters a different pressure and temperature, causing it to deposit a small amount of its dissolved calcium carbonate.” The word “it” in this sentence meaning “Limestone caves”.

Therefore, the answer for this question must be calcium
38 Answer: flowstone
Listen from here Locate Explain Report
- The keywords concerned in Q38 must be “stalactites” and “stalagmites”.
- As the passage, the speaker states that “this deposition process results in
- if growing from the floor -> ever- growing masses (known as stalactites), stalagmites
- if the water may flow over a large surface of rock -> flowstone
We can the passage tells “stalactites” and “stalagmites”. Therefore, the answer for this question must be flowstone.
39 Answer: 1986

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q39 must be “Lechuguilla”.

As the passage, the answer may be a particular year.

As speaker mentions :” It look until 1984 for a group of cavers to gain permission to start digging, and two years later, in 1986 they broke through into a walkable passageway”

Therefore, the answer for this question must be 1986.
40 Answer: bottom up

Listen from here Locate Explain Report

The keywords concerned in Q40 must be “interestedly” and “formed from”.

According to the passage, the speaker mentions “This was forced through fracture lines, combining with existing groundwater to form sulfuric acid, dissolving the limestone from the bottom up,”

Therefore, the answer for this question must be bottom up

Part 4

Change Audio Sources

SECTION 1

You will hear a young student, Andrew, ringing an employment agency, enquiring about their services.
Andrew: Hello. Is this the Triple A Employment agency? .

Woman: Yes.

Andrew: Hi. I rang before. My name’s Andrew. Andrew Peterson. I rang you earlier and gave you my personal details. If you remember, I’m that student looking for work during the summer holidays.

Woman: Oh, sure. Actually, I have your file right here. But... we still need to add some further information.

Andrew: Yeah, that’s what they told me, and that’s why I’m ringing. What do you need to know?

Woman: Well, we have to know your main level of education. It’s a degree, I suppose.

Andrew: Yes, but I’m still doing it, in engineering. It’s quite interesting. Some of my friends are studying computing though, so I’m interested in that, also.

Woman: Well, I’ll just write in your main degree subject. Engineering. We usually have a demand in computing though. Have you worked with computers before?

Andrew: No. I just do some programming for fun at the university, but I almost got a job as a computer designer once. Actually, the only job I’ve ever had was as a car salesman, believe it or not.

Woman: Well, at least you’ve had experience dealing with customers. What about hobbies though? Sometimes they can help develop useful skills.

Andrew: Ummm ... in my free time I don’t do much — mostly study. I play chess occasionally at the university chess club. That’s right next to the tennis courts, but I’m not interested in that.

Woman: Chess helps develop analytical skills, so I’ll put that down. Of course, it’s your main skills that employers want to know about. What would you say they are?

Andrew: Well, I’m in my third year now, studying electrical machines and generating systems, but I’d say electronics is my best skill— much better than, say, my machine skills, which aren’t so good, actually.

Woman: Okay ... machine skills are in demand, but so too are electronic ones, so we might be able to find you a part-time job in that field. But what sort of money do you expect to got?

Andrew: Oh, anything really. I’d want the standard payment, let’s say. What’s normal? 1,000 a month? 1,500?

Woman: I’ll just put $1,200, okay?

Andrew: That’s fine by me.

Woman: When can you start? Say, within two days?

Andrew: Easily! Actually, less. In fact, just give me a ring, and I’ll be able to start immediately, although I admit it’ll take me a few days to get used to getting up early in the morning.

Woman: Okay! That’s just about it, unless you’d like to add anything else which may help with your application?

Andrew: Ah, not really. I ride a motorbike, but that’s unimportant. I’m friendly, but every applicant claims that, right? I can speak another language.

Woman: Ah, that might be useful, depending on the language. Is it Chinese? A Chinese speaker would go down well.

Andrew: Spanish, I’ m afraid. You see, I grew up with some friends who came from South America.

Woman: Okay, I’ll write that down, but I don’t think it will help that much, sorry to say.

Andrew: Well, thanks for your help, and hopefully I’ll get a job soon, but can I just ask one more question? [Sure] What, basically, are employers looking for when they Interview someone?

Woman: Oh, many things. Being hardworking, diligent, and focused on your job is good, but surprisingly, it often means you can’t see the bigger picture, or provide suggestions which help the company move forward. That requires thinking for yourself, outside the box as they say, and being free of the standard ways of approaching tasks. Employers certainly value that.

Andrew: I guess experience must help, though?

Woman: It depends. If it involved a routine job, one which didn’t exercise your mind, it might not mean that much at all. But since companies are basically composed of people, it is important to be able to get along with others. There’s no point in hiring someone whom the other employees don’t like, right? That just causes problems — in fact, I would say that being friendly and approachable ranks far more highly than your academic qualifications.

Andrew: Okay, and that’s all assessed at the interview, right?

Woman: Yes, and your qualifications, experience, and approach to the job, such as whether you can do different things, work overtime, or do long hours as needed. But those latter qualities are pretty much standard. What may be more important is based on the fact that things inevitably go wrong. Mistakes are made, and someone’s got to fix them in a way that creates the least disturbance. People with demonstrated
abilities to do this are certainly regarded highly.

Andrew: I see. That’s very interesting

SECTION 2

You will hear the manager of a fitness centre giving information about the centre to some new customers.

Hello everyone, and welcome to the "Fit for Life" Health Centre — a place which, as the name suggests, is not just for short-term solutions, but rather, intends to put you on a sensible and achievable footing for the rest of your life. And that's how we’re different. For example, we could immediately put you on a harsh exercise program, expecting you to work out every day, but such a plan would see you quickly lose interest. That’s why the initial step is a one-and-a-half-hour consultation, in which your lifestyle, current situation, and long-term goals, are all thoroughly analysed.

Now, an important part of this consultation involves analysing what you eat. There's no point exercising here, and losing weight, then pulling it all back on, later. You will need to show self-control and discipline in your diet, and we'll work on that. Similarly, we’ll put you on an exercise regime suitable for your level of fitness, so that will involve a test, where we will take you through some activities, then measure your heart rate and blood pressure to determine how fit you are. This will be monitored during every subsequent consultation, along with your exercise schedule, and that occurs monthly, and not half-yearly, as with many other centres.

As to our actual exercise machines and programs, you will have to decide whether it is muscle mass, stamina, or general fitness, that you want to develop. Think about which of these three you want to target, and we'll design a specific program for you -- but remember, bulging muscles aren’t necessarily suitable for everyone. Sometimes it's better to think in terms of two simple concepts: muscle definition and stamina; or, if you are female, being fit and healthy, in both mind and body.

Now, if you’re going to work out at this gym. you’ll need to think about your reasons for exercising, so let's consider that in more detail. Muscle mass is certainly popular with the guys, probably seeking, to impress the girls, and with muscles comes the confidence to do that, right? Well, for that, you'll need our high-stress weight units, where pumping iron is all the rage. Moving, on to other benefits, one of the main ones is beating the tension of life, right, and the longer the exercise is, the greater the rewards in this respect. Thus, playing squash can certainly help, and so can swimming, but what’s much better, as every jogger will tell
you, is their activity, so we have ample jogging machines, and they’re always popular. They can provide good fitness too, as can the yoga classes; however, again, let’s not forget playing squash, which, I would say, is the optimum way to improve your general wellbeing. Such an active, energetic game, plus the competitive element, drives you forward into high levels of health and fitness. These, of course, are the ultimate purposes of being here, but remember, the centre is full of like- minded people, all of whom are interesting to meet, and valuable sources of information.

The yoga classes have a pre- and post-meeting session, so you’ll certainly meet others there, although they’ll all be yoga enthusiasts, which limits the range somewhat. But whether doing yoga, swimming, or exercising, everyone showers, right, so those facilities are where you’ll hear all sorts of interesting conversations, and really get to know people —not like the front-desk area, which is mostly empty as patrons go immediately inside to do their exercise. Of course, the front desk can answer all your questions, and has information brochures, and such like, but for knowing more about a greater variety of subjects and community concerns, look at the notice board in the yoga studio, where there’s a huge array of papers, leaflets, and articles, all for you to read and consider.

SECTION 3

You will hear two faculty directors talking about which person in their university to promote.

Dir. A: Okay, we’ve got to decide who to promote to Leading Education Officer.

Dir. B: Someone from the arts faculty, I suppose.

Dir. A: Well, it can be from any faculty, since the position requires more general skills: handling personnel, settling disputes, and motivating them to focus on the task. It was the last position which involved computer knowledge, not this one.

Dir. B: Surely computer knowledge would help. So too would knowledge in the arts.

Dir. A: Sure, it would help, but the key criterion is being able to direct the staff appropriately.

Dir. B: So, it doesn’t matter then from which faculty we select our candidates?

Dir. A: Not really, but I’ve already looked at those from computing, and rejected them all.

Dir. B: Why?

Dir. A: They’ll all too new, lacking in sufficient experience, whereas these ones from the business faculty are longtimers, so we’ll take someone from there.

Dir. B: I suppose you’re right. The arts faculty doesn’ t present much in the way of suitable candidates either.

Dir. A: But we’ll still have to train the person—teach the ropes, as they say. And he or she will have to expect to do overtime, as needed.

Dir. B: Of course. It can get so busy that, if we were open on the weekend, they’d have to work then as well.

Dir. A: Just as well we’re a Monday to Friday university, right?

Dir. B: Right! But are you sure these people will actually want the job? The salary isn’t such an improvement on their current ones.

Dir. A: I know, but there are benefits. You get overtime rates, a nice place to put your car, as well as additional petrol money if you drive for company purposes, which they’ll probably be required to do.

Dir. B: But those benefits are quite limited, especially given all the work and responsibility involved. People often don’t like that. They prefer the creative freedom of less-senior teaching positions.

Dir. A: Yeah I know, but these candidates should realise that if they do this job well, there’ll be more promotions down the line. You know how everyone likes having their own office, right?

Dir. B: Sure.

Dir. A: Well, that would come after a few years, if they’re prepared to work hard and grow with the university.

Dir. B: Yes, that should attract these people.

Dir. A: Well, that’s enough talk about the job. What about the actual candidates? How many do we have?

Dir. B: Ah, I’ve narrowed it down to four—ah, just using their first names, that’s Steven, Abdul, Lek, and Oscar. As you said, there’s quite a bit of experience between them, about 34 years in all.

Dir. A: What’s the exact breakdown of figures?

Dir. B: Abdul and Steven both have seven years, Lek has one more, and Oscar is the most experienced, at 12.

Dir. A: But who’s the most qualified?

Dir. B: Steven and Abdul have an MBA — sorry! Abdul’s got something called a M.B.P. — some foreign thing which translates as Master of Business Practice.

Dir. A: I’m not sure what that is, but does he do the job well?

Dir. B: Very well, apparently — better than Lek and Oscar, who hold a degree and some certificates, respectively. But we have to think about any drawbacks — y’know, possible issues with any of them. I asked their respective deans for feedback, and I found out that Steven, the younger one, drinks a bit.

Dir. A: So, he has a problem with alcohol?

Dir. B: No, he never drinks to excess, but at the bar he’s often expressed his intention of moving on, of teaching abroad.

Dir. A: Ah, he’s not stable.

Dir. B: Not stable at all, apparently. We’ll never know for how long he’ll hold the job.

Dir. A: We need stable personnel, and people without family problems, or sick relatives, like the last guy we promoted. What about Abdul then? Will he do?

Dir. B: He might do, except his English language ability is limited. It’s functional, but a bit broken, and meaning is sometimes lost. That’s not the problem with the next candidate, Lek, who has good language ability, but this job involves handling people, and his dean says Lek’s attitude is bad.

Dir. A: In what way?

Dir. B: His manners are okay, and he’s interested in his job, but he believes there should always be adequate leisure in life. He definitely won’t work overtime and complains a lot already about his job, but this last candidate, Oscar, is probably not the right one, either.

Dir. A: Why not? Not another problem with language?

Dir. B: His first language isn’t English, but he speaks it well enough. He’s stable, with a good attitude, but his age is the problem.

Dir. A: Age is not a problem. That would be ageism, and I don’t believe in that.

Dir. B: But with his age comes health problems as well, and serious ones at that.

Dir. A: Oh, that might be an issue then.

SECTION 4

You will hear a lecturer talking about caves.

If there is one natural feature which has long fascinated man, it is caves -- those natural underground spaces into which people can enter. No known cave in the world can exist without it being extensively explored, whether it be in remote areas, such as the Clearwater Cave in Borneo, or immensely long and difficult, such as Mammoth Cave in America, or perhaps the most challenging: those caves below the water table, full with water -- in which ease the exploration is known as cave diving. Whatever the ease, if the caves are known, as complex and difficult as they usually are, they will be explored.

The formal name for the study of caves is speleology — and involves many disciplines, such as chemistry, geology, biology, and cartography, or the science of making accurate maps, since the largest caves can be hundreds of kilometers long and highly complicated. If the exploration is just for fun, the activity is known as caving, but with the difficulties and dangers involved, the average caver is often involved with one of these speleological sciences.

As for the number of caves in the world, research suggests that only a fraction have been found and documented, mostly in the areas in which caving has long been a popular activity, such as in America, France, or Australia. China, for example, has huge areas of limestone bedrock—prime material for cave formation—and logically must contain among the largest number of caves in the world, yet only few are documented due to the lack of interest in caving there. Thus, as exploration continues, new caves will be discovered, and it is likely that the numbers could radically change in the future.

With caves being such mysterious and intriguing places, the obvious question concerns how they form. The most common cause is the effect of slightly acidic water in a process called 'dissolution'. Here, water seeps into the ground, and down through rock masses. If this rock is soluble, the water dissolves some of it, and over time, the passage expands to become a cave, or cave system. The largest and most common of these involves limestone, although other materials are possible, including gypsum, marble, and even salt.

Now, if the cave is formed at the same lime as the rock, it is called a primary cave, and the most common of these are lava tubes. When lava from volcanoes flows downhill, the topmost surface cools and solidifies first, leaving the hotter lava to continue to flow beneath. If most of this eventually flows out, a hollow tube is left. The country Iceland, has some excellent caves of this type, and even far-flung Australia has a few. Finally, there are sea caves, formed from waves pounding into coastal cliffs, and eroding into fault lines, or softer rock. These caves are usually the shortest, about 50 meters at most, since the erosive action of the waves can only reach a certain distance.

However, it is limestone eaves which will always be the most interesting. This is due to the presence of limestone formations. As the groundwater seeps downward through the ceiling of the caves, it encounters a different pressure and temperature, causing it to deposit a small amount of its dissolved calcium carbonate. Over time, through the action of millions of drops, this deposition process results in ever- growing masses, known as stalactites of hanging from the ceiling), or stalagmites (if growing from the floor). Alternatively, the water may flow over a large surface of rock, forming flowstone, and with other sorts of processes, can result in beautiful milky-white formations of astonishing complexity.

One of the best examples of this, as well as of what surprising discoveries may yet await, is the Lechuguilla Cave in New Mexico. In the 1950s, some cavers heard the sound of wind underneath some large boulders on the cave floor, a clear sign of a deeper passageway. It look until 1984 for a group of cavers to gain permission to start digging, and two years later, in 1986 they broke through into a walkable passageway —unlocking, one of the longest cave systems in the world, the deepest in America, and some of the most beautiful formations ever found, Unusually, many of these were yellow with sulphur, suggesting that the caves were a result of hydrogen-sulfide from nearby oil deposits. This was forced through fracture lines, combining with existing groundwater to form sulfuric acid, dissolving the limestone from the bottom up, instead of the normal top-down seepage which characterises most limestone cave formation.

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