Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs labelled A-G

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

14 ABCDEFG        a rejected explanation of why tiger attacks on humans are rare

15 ABCDEFG       a reason why tiger attacks on humans might be expected to happen more often than they do

16 ABCDEFG       examples of situations in which humans are more likely to be attacked by tigers

17 ABCDEFG       a claim about the relative frequency of tiger attacks on humans

18 ABCDEFG       an explanation of tiger behaviour based on the principles of ethology

• 14 Answer: C
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  Q14.  a rejected explanation of why tiger attacks on humans are rare	It is widely assumed that the constraint is fear; but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed that they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be more simple and, in a way, more intriguing.
  Note: After skimming,we can find that information of Q14 should be found in paragraph C because in paragraph the writer indicated some explanations why tigers attacks on humans are rare.At the end of the paragraph,the writer denied  the reason he mentioned above by emphasizing that : But I think the explanation may be more simple and, in a way, more intriguing.Therefore,the answer is C.

• 15 Answer: A
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  Q15.  a reason why tiger attacks on humans might be expected to happen more often than they do	As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in central India, there is a notice which shows a huge, placid tiger. The notice says, ‘You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.’ There are more than a billion people In India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day of their lives. Tigers can and do kill almost everything they meet in the jungle, they will kill even attack elephants and rhino. Surely, then, it is a little strange that attacks o humans are not more frequent.
  Note: After scanning,we can find that the answer of Q15 should be in paragraph A as it says that Indian tigers probably see humans everyday and it is strange that attacks on humans are not more frequent although tigers tent to kill almost everything they meet in the jungle.It means tigers are expected to attack humans as they see humans in the jungle because of its tendency to kill almost everything they meet in the jungle but it doesn’t happen much as expected.Therefore,the answer is A.

• 16 Answer: F
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  Q16. examples of situations in which humans are more likely to be attacked by tigers	If the theory that a tiger is disconcerted to find that a standing human is both very big and yet somehow invisible is correct, the opposite should be true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half he size and presents twice the spread of back, and more closely resembles a medium-sized deer. If tigers were simply frightened of all humans, then a squatting person would be no more attractive as a target than a standing one. This, however appears not to be the case. Many incidents of attacks on people involving villagers squatting or bending over to cut grass for fodder or building material.
  Note: After scanning,we can indicate the answer for Q16 is in paragraph F because the writer illustrates that tigers likely to attack humans who are squatting or bending over because when squatting or bending over humans are half  their size , presents twice the spread of the back and look like a medium-sized deer.”example of situations” in this case is “villagers squatting or bending over to cut grass for fodder or building material “.Hence,the answer is F.

• 17 Answer: B
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  Q17. a claim about the relative frequency of tiger attacks on humans	Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. British writers of adventure stories, such as Jim Corbett, gave the impression that village life in India in the early years of the twentieth century involved a stage of constant siege by man-eating tigers. But they may have overstated the terror spread by tigers. There were also far more tigers around in those days (probably 60.000 in the subcontinent compared to just 3000 today). So in proportion, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today.
  Note: The answer is obviously B because as the writer indicates in  the first sentence of paragraph B: Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past.This sentence illustrates that people claim tiger attacks on human were common in the past.

• 18 Answer: E
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  Q18. an explanation of tiger behaviour based on the principles of ethology	If you think like a tiger, a human in a car might appear just to be a part of the car, and because tigers don’t eat cars the human is safe-unless the car is menacing the tiger or its cubs, in which case a brave or enraged tiger may charge.
  Note: Ethology is the science of animal behavior.The answer should be in paragraph E because the author explains tiger’s afraid of humans based on how they see humans in this paragraph.”if you think like a tiger” means you see things from a tiger’s perspective,Therefore,it is similar to “ based on the principles of ethology”.Hence,the answer is E.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet write

19 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN       Tigers in the Bandhavgarh National Park are a protected species.

20 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN       Some writers of fiction have exaggerated the danger of tigers to man.

21 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN       The fear of humans may be passed down in a tiger's genes.

22 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN       Konrad Lorenz claimed that some animals are more intelligent than humans.

23 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN      Ethology involves applying principles of human behaviour to animals.

• 19 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q19.Not Given Note:the author mentions  tigers in the Bandhavgarh National Park in paragraph A but he/she doesn’t mentions that they are protected species.

• 20 Answer: TRUE
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  Q20.  Some writers of fiction have exaggerated the danger of tigers to man.	British writers of adventure stories, such as Jim Corbett, gave the impression that village life in India in the early years of the twentieth century involved a stage of constant siege by man-eating tigers. But they may have overstated the terror spread by tigers.
  Note:”exaggerate” means representing (something) as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is.The writer mentions some writers of fiction in paragraph B so the answer is in this paragraph.”writers of fictions” in this case are “British writers of adventure stories” and “exaggerate” is similar to “overstate”.Therefore,the answer is True

• 21 Answer: TRUE
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  Q21. The fear of humans may be passed down in a tiger's genes.	Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps.
  Note: The author mentions the tiger’s fear of human and tiger’s genes in paragraph C so the answer is in that paragraph.”The fear of humans” in this case is”experiences of all tigers with humans”,”be inherited” is similar to “be passed down” and “may” is equivalent to “perhaps”.Hence,the answer is True.

• 22 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q22.Answer:Not Given Note:The author mentions Konrad Lorenz in paragraph D but he/she doesn’t indicate that Konrad Lorenz claimed some animals are more intelligent than humans.

• 23 Answer: FALSE
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  Q23.  Ethology involves applying principles of human behaviour to animals.	Since the growth of ethology in the 1950s. we have tried to understand animal behaviour from the animal’s point of view.
  Note: The first sentence of paragraph D says that people have tried to understand animal behaviour from the animal’s point of view,not from human point of view.For that reason,the answer is FALSE

Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H from the box below.

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

27 ABCDEFGH     Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of

28 ABCDEFGH     Frederick Bayer & Co were able to reproduce

29 ABCDEFGH     The development of aspirin was partly due to the effects of

30 ABCDEFGH     The creation of a market for aspirin as a painkiller was achieved through

31 ABCDEFGH     Aspirin might have become unavailable without

32 ABCDEFGH    The way in which aspirin actually worked was not investigated by

• 27 Answer: E
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  Q27.  Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of	Ancient Egyptian physicians used extracts from the willow tree as an analgesic, or pain killer. Centuries later the Greek physician Hippocrates recommended the bark of the willow tree as a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer.
  Note:The answer is in paragraph 2 because Ancient Egyptain and Greek doctors are mentioned in this paragraph.The answer is E because the author indicates that both Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors used willow trees for medical purpose : analgesic, or pain killer; a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer. “particular tree” in this case is “the willow tree”.

• 28 Answer: G
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  Q28.  Friedrich Bayer & Co were able to reproduce	The race was on to identify the active ingredient and to replicate it synthetically . At the end of the nineteenth century a German company, Friedrich Bayer & Co. succeeded in creating a relatively safe and very effective chemical compound, acetylsalicylic acid, which was renamed aspirin.
  Note:The answer is in paragraph 2 because Friedrich Bayer & Co is mentioned in it.In paragraph 2,the author writes about the willow tree and the race to identify the chemical found in the willow tree and how to replicate it.He/she also indicates that Friedrich Bayer & Co succeeded in creating it :At the end,……Therefore,the answer is G

• 29 Answer: D
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  Q29. The development of aspirin was partly due to the effects of	In the nineteenth century, scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution . This was a period when people frequently had the means, motive and determination to take an idea and turn it into reality. In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances , fertilised by the century’s broader economic, medical and scientific developments , that led to one big final breakthrough.
  Note:The answer is in paragraph 4 or 5 as the author mentions the development of aspirin in those paragraphs.In paragraph 4 the writer indicates that scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution and he takes the case of aspirin as an example : In the case…. Hence,the answer is D.Answer H seems temting but it Is wrong because advertising ensured aspirin’shelf life not its development.Shelf life is the period of time, from the date of manufacture, that a drug product is expected to remain within its approved product specification while stored under defined conditions.

• 30 Answer: H
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  Q30. The creation of a market for aspirin as a painkiller was achieved through	Aspirin’s continued shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic .
  Note:The answer is H:commercial advertising campaign because the author indicates in paragraph 5 that : Aspirin s continued shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic .”promoting”is similar to “advertising”,” The creation of a market for aspirin” is similar to “Aspirin’s continued shelf life in the first 70 years “

• 31 Answer: A
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  Q31.  Aspirin might have become unavailable without

  But just at the same time, discoveries were made regarding the beneficial role of aspirin in preventing heart attacks, strokes and other afflictions . Had it not been for these findings, this pharmaceutical marvel may well have disappeared.

  Note:”become available” is similar to “disappeared”.Therefore,the answer is in paragraph 2 because it mentions some reasons preventing aspirin from disappearing.The answer is A”discovery of new medical applications” because “discoveries” are mentioned in paragraph 2 and “new medical applications” are “preventing heart attacks, strokes and other afflictions”,”aspirin”is similar to “ pharmaceutical marvel”.

• 32 Answer: C
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  Q32. The way in which aspirin actually worked was not investigated by	But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off' certain products when something more attractive comes along.In the case of aspirin, a potential ‘wonder drug' was around for over 70 years without anybody investigating the way in which it achieved its effects, because they were making more than enough money out of it as it was.
  Note:The answer is in paragraph 6 as the author mentions the reason the way aspirin achieved its effects was not investigated.The answer is C because the author indicates that pharmaceutical companies didn’t investigate in the way aspirin worked because they were making more than enough money out of it.”commerical markets” in this case includes “pharmaceutical companies”

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet write

33 YESNONOT GIVEN      For nineteenth-century scientists, small-scale research was enough to make important discoveries.

34 YESNONOT GIVEN     The nineteenth-century industrial revolution caused a change in the focus of scientific research.

35 YESNONOT GIVEN     The development of aspirin in the nineteenth century followed a structured pattern of development.

36 YESNONOT GIVEN      In the 1970s sales of new analgesic drugs overtook sales of asprin.

37 YESNONOT GIVEN     Commercial companies may have both good and bad effects on the availability of pharmaceutical products.

• 33 Answer: YES
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  Q33. For nineteenth-century scientists, small-scale research was enough to make important discoveries.	One scientist in a laboratory with some chemicals and a test tube could make significant breakthroughs whereas today, in order to map the human genome for instance, one needs ‘an army of researchers,  a bank of computers and millions and millions of dollars’.
  Note: The answer is in paragraph 3 as the author mentions 19th century scientists in it.The author writes that : one scientist in a laboratory with some chemicals and a test tube could make significant breakthroughs… “small-scale research” is “some chemicals and a test tube” and “important discoveries”is similar to “significant breakthroughs”.Therefore,the answer is Yes.

• 34 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q34. The nineteenth-century industrial revolution caused a change in the focus of scientific research. Note:The author mentions the 19th century industrial revolution but doesn’t state that it caused a change in the focus of scientific research.Hence,the answer is Not Given.

• 35 Answer: NO
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  Q35. The development of aspirin in the nineteenth century followed a structured pattern of development.	In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances
  Note:in paragraph 4,the author mentions the development of aspirin in the 19th century.He/she mentions that it happened piecemeal-a series of minor,often unrelated advances.”unrelated advances” is opposite to “a structured pattern of development”.Therefore, the answer is False.

• 36 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q36.Answer:Not Given The author doesn’t mention anything about this

• 37 Answer: YES
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  Q37. Commercial companies may have both good and bad effects on the availability of pharmaceutical products.	So the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one. Commercial markets are necessary for developing new products and ensuring that they remain around long enough for scientists to carry out research on them. But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off' certain products when something more attractive comes along.
  Note:The author indicates that the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one in the first sentence of paragraph 6.Then he/she explains that commercial companies have both good and bad effects on drugs : necessary for developing new products,kill off certain products when something more attractive comes along.Hence,the answer is Yes.

Complete the summary below using the list of words A-l below.

Write the correct letter A-l in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet

Research into aspirin

Jeffreys argues that the reason why 38 ABCDEFGHI did not find out about new uses of aspirin is that aspirin is no longer a 39 ABCDEFGHI drug. He therefore suggests that there should be 40 ABCDEFGHI support for further research into the possible applications of the drug. 

• 38 Answer: E
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  Jeffreys argues that the reason why Q38. ___did not find out about new uses of aspirin is that aspirin is no longer a Q39___drug	None of the recent discoveries of aspirin's benefits were made by the big pharmaceutical companies; they were made by scientists working in the public sector. 'The reason for that is very simple and straightforward,' Jeffreys says in his book. 'Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to deliver financial benefits. There's no profit in aspirin any more
  Note:The answer for Q38 must be a noun .The answer for Q39 must an adjective as it comes before a noun.In paragraph 7,the author indicates that big pharmaceutical companies didn’t find out about recent aspirin’s profit because there’s no profit in aspirin anymore.”major drug companies”is similar to “big pharmaceutical companies” and profit adjective form is profitable.Therefore,the answer for Q38 is E

• 39 Answer: F
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  Jeffreys argues that the reason why Q38. ___did not find out about new uses of aspirin is that aspirin is no longer a Q39___drug	None of the recent discoveries of aspirin's benefits were made by the big pharmaceutical companies; they were made by scientists working in the public sector. 'The reason for that is very simple and straightforward,' Jeffreys says in his book. 'Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to deliver financial benefits. There's no profit in aspirin any more
  Note: The answer for Q39 must an adjective as it comes before a noun.In paragraph 7,the author indicates that big pharmaceutical companies didn’t find out about recent aspirin’s profit because there’s no profit in aspirin anymore.”major drug companies”is similar to “big pharmaceutical companies” and profit adjective form is profitable.Therefore,the answer for Q39 is F.

• 40 Answer: C
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  Q40.  He therefore suggests that there should be____support for further research into the possible applications of the drug.	More public money going into clinical trials, says Jeffreys .
  Note:The author mentions about the possible applications of the drug in paragraph 8 : More public money going into clinical trials.” Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison.For that reason,clinical trials include “possible applications of the drug”.”public money” is similar to “state support”.Therefore,the answer is C.

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