IELTS Practice Tests Plus Volume 2

Đăng ngày: 15 Dec 2017
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Part 1: Question 1 - 13

1 ix
2 iii
3 viii
4 i
5 vi
6 compressed
7 (tiny) droplets

8 ice crystals
9 depth
10 temperature and humidity
11 energy
12 insulation
13 aircraft

Part 2: Question 14 - 26

14 C
15 A
16 F
17 B
18 E
19 NOT GIVEN
20 TRUE

21 TRUE
22 NOT GIVEN
23 FALSE
24 C
25 B
26 D

Part 3: Question 27 - 40

27 E
28 G
29 D
30 H
31 A
32 C
33 YES

34 NOT GIVEN
35 NO
36 NOT GIVEN
37 YES
38 E
39 F
40 C

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Reading Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

Snow-makers

Skiing is big business nowadays. But what can ski resort owners do if the snow doesn't come?

A In the early to mid twentieth century, with the growing popularity of skiing, ski slopes became extremely profitable businesses. But ski resort owners were completely dependent on the weather: if it didn't snow, or didn’t snow enough, they had to close everything down. Fortunately, a device called the snow gun can now provide snow whenever it is needed. These days such machines are standard equipment in the vast majority of ski resorts around the world, making it possible for many resorts to stay open for months or more a year.

B Snow formed by natural weather systems comes from water vapour in the atmosphere. The water vapour condenses into droplets, forming clouds. If the temperature is sufficiently low, the water droplets freeze into tiny ice crystals. More water particles then condense onto the crystal and join with it to form a snowflake. As the snow flake grows heavier, it falls towards the Earth.

C The snow gun works very differently from a natural weather system, but it accomplishes exactly the same thing. The device basically works by combining water and air. Two different hoses are attached to the gun. one leading from a water pumping station which pumps water up from a lake or reservoir, and the other leading from an air compressor. When the compressed air passes through the hose into the gun. it atomises the water - that is, it disrupts the stream so that the water splits up into tiny droplets. The droplets are then blown out of the gun and if the outside temperature is below 0°C, ice crystals will form, and will then make snowflakes in the same way as natural snow.

D Snow-makers often talk about dry snow and wet snow. Dry snow has a relatively low amount of water, so it is very light and powdery. This type of snow is excellent for skiing because skis glide over it easily without getting stuck in wet slush. One of the advantages of using a snow-maker is that this powdery snow can be produced to give the ski slopes a level surface. However, on slopes which receive heavy use, resort owners also use denser, wet snow underneath the dry snow. Many resorts build up the snow depth this way once or twice a year, and then regularly coat the trails with a layer of dry snow throughout the winter.

E The wetness of snow is dependent on the temperature and humidity outside, as well as the size of the water droplets launched by the gun. Snow-makers have to adjust the proportions of water and air in their snow guns to get the perfect snow consistency for the outdoor weather conditions. Many ski slopes now do this with a central computer system that is connected to weather-reading stations all over the slope.

F But man-made snow makes heavy demands on the environment. It takes about 275,000 litres of water to create a blanket of snow covering a 60x60 metre area. Most resorts pump water from one or more reservoirs located in low-lying areas. The run-off water from the slopes feeds back into these reservoirs, so the resort can actually use the same water over and over again. However, considerable amounts of energy are needed to run the large air-compressing pumps, and the diesel engines which run them also cause air pollution.

G Because of the expense of making snow, ski resorts have to balance the cost of running the machines with the benefits of extending the ski season, making sure they only make snow when it is really needed and when it will bring the maximum amount of profit in return for the investment. But man-made snow has a number of other uses as well. A layer of snow keeps a lot of the Earth’s heat from escaping into the atmosphere, so farmers often use man-made snow to provide insulation for winter crops. Snow-making machines have played a big part in many movie productions. Movie producers often take several months to shoot scenes that cover just a few days. If the movie takes place in a snowy setting, the set decorators have to get the right amount of snow for each day of shooting either by adding man-made snow or melting natural snow. And another important application of man-made snow is its use in the tests that aircraft must undergo in order to ensure that they can function safely in extreme conditions.

Reading Passage 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below:

Why are so few tigers man-eaters?

A. As you leave the Bandhavgarh National Park in central India, there is a notice which shows a huge, placid tiger. The notice says, ‘You may not have seen me, but I have seen you.’ There are more than a billion people In India and Indian tigers probably see humans every single day of their lives. Tigers can and do kill almost everything they meet in the jungle, they will kill even attack elephants and rhino. Surely, then, it is a little strange that attacks on humans are not more frequent.

B. Some people might argue that these attacks were in fact common in the past. British writers of adventure stories, such as Jim Corbett, gave the impression that village life in India in the early years of the twentieth century involved a stage of constant siege by man-eating tigers. But they may have overstated the terror spread by tigers. There were also far more tigers around in those days (probably 60.000 in the subcontinent compared to just 3000 today). So in proportion, attacks appear to have been as rare then as they are today.

C. It is widely assumed that the constraint is fear; but what exactly are tigers afraid of? Can they really know that we may be even better armed than they are? Surely not. Has the species programmed the experiences of all tigers with humans its genes to be inherited as instinct? Perhaps. But I think the explanation may be more simple and, in a way, more intriguing.

D. Since the growth of ethology in the 1950s. we have tried to understand animal behaviour from the animal’s point of view. Until the first elegant experiments by pioneers in the field such as Konrad Lorenz, naturalists wrote about animals as if they were slightly less intelligent humans. Jim Corbett’s breathless accounts of his duels with a an-eaters in truth tell us more about Jim Corbett than they do about the animals. The principle of ethology, on the other hand, requires us to attempt to think in the same way as the animal we are studying thinks, and to observe every tiny detail of its behaviour without imposing our own human significances on its actions.

E. I suspect that a tiger’s afraid of humans lies not in some preprogramed ancestral logic but in the way he actually perceives us visually. If you think like a tiger, a human in a car might appear just to be a part of the car, and because tigers don’t eat cars the human is safe-unless the car is menacing the tiger or its cubs, in which case a brave or enraged tiger may charge. A human on foot is a different sort of puzzle. Imagine a tiger sees a man who is 1.8m tall. A tiger is less than 1m tall but they may be up to 3m long from head to tail. So when a tiger sees the man face on, it might not be unreasonable for him to assume that the man is 6m long. If he meet a deer of this size, he might attack the animal by leaping on its back, but when he looks behind the mind he can’t see a back. From the front the man is huge, but looked at from the side he all but disappears. This must be very disconcerting. A hunter has to be confident that it can tackle its prey, and no one is confident when they are disconcerted. This is especially true of a solitary hunter such as the tiger and may explain why lions-particularly young lionesses who tend to encourage one another to take risks are more dangerous than tigers.

F. If the theory that a tiger is disconcerted to find that a standing human is both very big and yet somehow invisible is correct, the opposite should be true of a squatting human. A squatting human is half he size and presents twice the spread of back, and more closely resembles a medium-sized deer. If tigers were simply frightened of all humans, then a squatting person would be no more attractive as a target than a standing one. This, however appears not to be the case. Many incidents of attacks on people involving villagers squatting or bending over to cut grass for fodder or building material.

G. The fact that humans stand upright may therefore not just be something that distinguishes them from nearly all other species, but also a factor that helped them to survive in a dangerous and unpredictable environment.

Note:

Ethology = the branch of zoology that studies the behaviour of animals in their natural habitats

Reading Passage 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Keep taking the tablets

The history of aspirin is a product of a rollercoaster ride through time, of accidental discoveries, intuitive reasoning and intense corporate rivalry.

In the opening pages of Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug, Diarmuid Jeffreys describes this little white pill as ‘one of the most amazing creations in medical history, a drug so astonishingly versatile that it can relieve headache, ease your aching limbs, lower your temperature and treat some of the deadliest human diseases’.

Its properties have been known for thousands of years. Ancient Egyptian physicians used extracts from the willow tree as an analgesic, or pain killer. Centuries later the Greek physician Hippocrates recommended the bark of the willow tree as a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer. But it wasn't until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that salicylates the chemical found in the willow tree became the subject of serious scientific investigation. The race was on to identify the active ingredient and to replicate it synthetically. At the end of the nineteenth century a German company, Friedrich Bayer & Co. succeeded in creating a relatively safe and very effective chemical compound, acetylsalicylic acid, which was renamed aspirin.

The late nineteenth century was a fertile period for experimentation, partly because of the hunger among scientists to answer some of the great scientific questions, but also because those questions were within their means to answer. One scientist in a laboratory with some chemicals and a test tube could make significant breakthroughs whereas today, in order to map the human genome for instance, one needs ‘an army of researchers, a bank of computers and millions and millions of dollars’.

But an understanding of the nature of science and scientific inquiry is not enough on its own to explain how society innovates. In the nineteenth century, scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution. This was a period when people frequently had the means, motive and determination to take an idea and turn it into reality. In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances, fertilised by the century’s broader economic, medical and scientific developments, that led to one big final breakthrough.

The link between big money and pharmaceutical innovation is also a significant one. Aspirin is continued shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic. In the 1070s other analgesics, such as ibuprofen and paracetamol, were entering the market, and the pharmaceutical companies then focused on publicising these new drugs. But just at the same time, discoveries were made regarding the beneficial role of aspirin in preventing heart attacks, strokes and other afflictions. Had it not been for these findings, this pharmaceutical marvel may well have disappeared.

So the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one. Commercial markets are necessary for developing new products and ensuring that they remain around long enough for scientists to carry out research on them. But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off' certain products when something more attractive comes along. In the case of aspirin, a potential ‘wonder drug' was around for over 70 years without anybody investigating the way in which it achieved its effects, because they were making more than enough money out of it as it was. If ibuprofen or paracetamol had entered the market just a decade earlier, aspirin might then not be here today. It would be just another forgotten drug that people hadn't bothered to explore.

None of the recent discoveries of aspirin's benefits were made by the big pharmaceutical companies; they were made by scientists working in the public sector. 'The reason for that is very simple and straightforward,' Jeffreys says in his book. 'Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to deliver financial benefits. There's no profit in aspirin any more. It is incredibly inexpensive with tiny profit margins and it has no patent any more, so anyone can produce it.' In fact, there's almost a disincentive for drug companies to further boost the drug, he argues, as it could possibly put them out of business by stopping them from selling their more expensive brands.

So what is the solution to a lack of commercial interest in further exploring the therapeutic benefits of aspirin? More public money going into clinical trials, says Jeffreys. ‘If I were the Department of Health. I would say “this is a very inexpensive drug. There may be a lot of other things we could do with it." We should put a lot more money into trying to find out.'

Jeffreys' book which not only tells the tale of a 'wonder drug' but also explores the nature of innovation and the role of big business, public money and regulation reminds us why such research is so important.

	List of Headings
i	Considering ecological costs
ii	Modifications to the design of the snow gun
iii	The need for different varieties of snow
iv	Local concern over environmental issues
v	A problem and a solution
vi	Applications beyond the ski slopes
vii	Converting wet snow to dry snow
viii	New method for calculating modifications
ix	Artificial process, natural product
x	Snow formation in nature

Example	Answer
Paragraph A	v
Paragraph B	x
Paragraph C	1
Paragraph D	2
Paragraph E	3
Paragraph F	4
Paragraph G	5

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q2: The need for different varieties of snow	Snow-makers often talk about dry snow and wet snow. Dry snow has a relatively low amount of water, so it is very light and powdery. This type of snow is excellent for skiing because skis glide over it easily without getting stuck in wet slush. One of the advantages of using a snow-maker is that this powdery snow can be produced to give the ski slopes a level surface. However, on slopes which receive heavy use, resort owners also use denser, wet snow underneath the dry snow. Many resorts build up the snow depth this way once or twice a year, and then regularly coat the trails with a layer of dry snow throughout the winter.
Note:In this paragraph,the writer mentions dry snow and wet snow and how they are used in different situations.Therefore,the answer is iii.

Tip for diagram labelling task: Passages which describe mechanical devices or processes may include a diagram labelling task. 1. Look at the diagram. What does it illustrate? How do you know? 2. Which paragraph in the passage explains how this device works? (Use the heading matching task to help you). Read the paragraph carefully and study the diagram at the same time. Some labels are already given. Use these to help you. 3. On which side of the diagram does the process begin - left or right? 4. How many words can you write for each answer? Be careful to copy the words you need accurately from the passage.
Q6-Q8:The picture is about the design of the snow gun.Therefore,we should find the paragraph that has information about the design of the snow gun.That is pargraph C
Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q6 ____ air	When the compressed air passes through the hose into the gun
Note: This blank must be fulfilled by an adjective which is related to air.It is mentioned in paragraph C : When the compressed air passes through the hose into the gun….Therefore,the answer is “compressed” because it is an adjective and it comes before “air”.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q8 ___are formed	ice crystals will form, and will then make snowflakes in the same way as natural snow.
The answer must be a noun as it comes before the verb “are formed”.In paragraph C ,the author writes “ice crystals will form…”.Therefore,the answer is “ice crystals”.

IELTS Practice Tests Plus Volume 2

Part 1: Question 1 - 13

Part 2: Question 14 - 26

Part 3: Question 27 - 40

Tips for improving your ielts score

剑桥雅思16听力原文-TEST1

Questions 1-5

Questions 6-8

Tip for diagram labelling task:

Questions 9-13

Questions 14-18

Questions 19-23

Questions 24-26

Questions 27-32

Questions 33-37

Questions 38-40

Research into aspirin

Reading Passage 1

Snow-makers

Reading Passage 2

Why are so few tigers man-eaters?

Reading Passage 3

Keep taking the tablets

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Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q10. To calculate the required snow consistency, the___of the atmosphere must first be measured	The wetness of snow is dependent on the temperature and humidity outside, as well as the size of the water droplets launched by the gun. Snow-makers have to adjust the proportions of water and air in their snow guns to get the perfect snow consistency for the outdoor weather conditions.
Note:The answer we are looking for must be a noun.The snow consistency is mentioned in paragraph E so the answer is in that paragraph.The writer indicates that the wetness of snow or the snow consistency is dependent on two factors : the temperature and humidity outside,the size of the water droplets launched by the gun.”outside” is similar to “the atmosphere” so the answer is “temperature and humidity”.

TRUE	if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE	if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN	If there is no information on this

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q20. Some writers of fiction have exaggerated the danger of tigers to man.	British writers of adventure stories, such as Jim Corbett, gave the impression that village life in India in the early years of the twentieth century involved a stage of constant siege by man-eating tigers. But they may have overstated the terror spread by tigers.
Note:”exaggerate” means representing (something) as being larger, greater, better, or worse than it really is.The writer mentions some writers of fiction in paragraph B so the answer is in this paragraph.”writers of fictions” in this case are “British writers of adventure stories” and “exaggerate” is similar to “overstate”.Therefore,the answer is True

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q24 Why do tigers rarely attack people in cars ?	If you think like a tiger, a human in a car might appear just to be a part of the car, and because tigers don’t eat cars the human is safe-unless the car is menacing the tiger or its cubs, in which case a brave or enraged tiger may charge.
Note:Tigers and cars are mentioned in paragraph E so the answer we are looking for is in that paragraph.Answer A is contradict to the paragraph because tigers haven’t learnt that cars isn’t dangerous :“unless the car is menacing the tiger or its cubs, in which case a brave or enraged tiger may charge.”B is not mentioned in the paragraph and D is not stated although the cub are mentioned.Therefore,the answer is C.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q26. A human is more vulnerable to tiger attack when squatting because	A squatting human is half his size and presents twice the spread of back, and more closely resembles a medium-sized deer. If tigers were simply frightened of all humans, then a squatting person would be no more attractive as a target than a standing one.
Note:squatting human is mentioned in pagraph F so the answer we are looking for is in that paragraph.A,B,C aren’t mentioned in the paragraph.Therefore,the answer is D” his back appears longer in relation to his height” because the author indicates that when a human is squatting he is half his size and presents twice spread of back and more closely resembles a medium sized deer.

A	the discovery of new medical applications.
B	the negative effects of publicity.
C	the large pharmaceutical companies.
D	the industrial revolution.
E	the medical uses of a particular tree
F	the limited availability of new drugs.
G	the chemical found in the willow tree.
H	commercial advertising campaigns.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q27. Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors were aware of	Ancient Egyptian physicians used extracts from the willow tree as an analgesic, or pain killer. Centuries later the Greek physician Hippocrates recommended the bark of the willow tree as a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer.
Note:The answer is in paragraph 2 because Ancient Egyptain and Greek doctors are mentioned in this paragraph.The answer is E because the author indicates that both Ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors used willow trees for medical purpose : analgesic, or pain killer; a remedy for the pains of childbirth and as a fever reducer. “particular tree” in this case is “the willow tree”.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q28. Friedrich Bayer & Co were able to reproduce	The race was on to identify the active ingredient and to replicate it synthetically . At the end of the nineteenth century a German company, Friedrich Bayer & Co. succeeded in creating a relatively safe and very effective chemical compound, acetylsalicylic acid, which was renamed aspirin.
Note:The answer is in paragraph 2 because Friedrich Bayer & Co is mentioned in it.In paragraph 2,the author writes about the willow tree and the race to identify the chemical found in the willow tree and how to replicate it.He/she also indicates that Friedrich Bayer & Co succeeded in creating it :At the end,……Therefore,the answer is G

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q29. The development of aspirin was partly due to the effects of	In the nineteenth century, scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution . This was a period when people frequently had the means, motive and determination to take an idea and turn it into reality. In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances , fertilised by the century’s broader economic, medical and scientific developments , that led to one big final breakthrough.
Note:The answer is in paragraph 4 or 5 as the author mentions the development of aspirin in those paragraphs.In paragraph 4 the writer indicates that scientific advance was closely linked to the industrial revolution and he takes the case of aspirin as an example : In the case…. Hence,the answer is D.Answer H seems temting but it Is wrong because advertising ensured aspirin’shelf life not its development.Shelf life is the period of time, from the date of manufacture, that a drug product is expected to remain within its approved product specification while stored under defined conditions.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q30. The creation of a market for aspirin as a painkiller was achieved through	Aspirin’s continued shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic .
Note:The answer is H:commercial advertising campaign because the author indicates in paragraph 5 that : Aspirin s continued shelf life was ensured because for the first 70 years of its life, huge amounts of money were put into promoting it as an ordinary everyday analgesic .”promoting”is similar to “advertising”,” The creation of a market for aspirin” is similar to “Aspirin’s continued shelf life in the first 70 years “

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q32. The way in which aspirin actually worked was not investigated by	But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off' certain products when something more attractive comes along.In the case of aspirin, a potential ‘wonder drug' was around for over 70 years without anybody investigating the way in which it achieved its effects, because they were making more than enough money out of it as it was.
Note:The answer is in paragraph 6 as the author mentions the reason the way aspirin achieved its effects was not investigated.The answer is C because the author indicates that pharmaceutical companies didn’t investigate in the way aspirin worked because they were making more than enough money out of it.”commerical markets” in this case includes “pharmaceutical companies”

YES	if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO	if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN	if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q35. The development of aspirin in the nineteenth century followed a structured pattern of development.	In the case of aspirin that happened piecemeal - a series of minor, often unrelated advances
Note:in paragraph 4,the author mentions the development of aspirin in the 19th century.He/she mentions that it happened piecemeal-a series of minor,often unrelated advances.”unrelated advances” is opposite to “a structured pattern of development”.Therefore, the answer is False.

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q37. Commercial companies may have both good and bad effects on the availability of pharmaceutical products.	So the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one. Commercial markets are necessary for developing new products and ensuring that they remain around long enough for scientists to carry out research on them. But the commercial markets are just as likely to kill off' certain products when something more attractive comes along.
Note:The author indicates that the relationship between big money and drugs is an odd one in the first sentence of paragraph 6.Then he/she explains that commercial companies have both good and bad effects on drugs : necessary for developing new products,kill off certain products when something more attractive comes along.Hence,the answer is Yes.

A	useful
B	cheap
C	state
D	international
E	major drug companies
F	profitable
G	commercial
H	public sector scientists
I	health officials

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Jeffreys argues that the reason why Q38. ___did not find out about new uses of aspirin is that aspirin is no longer a Q39___drug	None of the recent discoveries of aspirin's benefits were made by the big pharmaceutical companies; they were made by scientists working in the public sector. 'The reason for that is very simple and straightforward,' Jeffreys says in his book. 'Drug companies will only pursue research that is going to deliver financial benefits. There's no profit in aspirin any more
Note:The answer for Q38 must be a noun .The answer for Q39 must an adjective as it comes before a noun.In paragraph 7,the author indicates that big pharmaceutical companies didn’t find out about recent aspirin’s profit because there’s no profit in aspirin anymore.”major drug companies”is similar to “big pharmaceutical companies” and profit adjective form is profitable.Therefore,the answer for Q38 is E

Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
Q40. He therefore suggests that there should be____support for further research into the possible applications of the drug.	More public money going into clinical trials, says Jeffreys .
Note:The author mentions about the possible applications of the drug in paragraph 8 : More public money going into clinical trials.” Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research. Such prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants are designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison.For that reason,clinical trials include “possible applications of the drug”.”public money” is similar to “state support”.Therefore,the answer is C.

IELTS Practice Tests Plus Volume 2

Part 1: Question 1 - 13

Part 2: Question 14 - 26

Part 3: Question 27 - 40

Share your score

Tips for improving your ielts score

剑桥雅思16听力原文-TEST1

Questions 1-5

Questions 6-8

Tip for diagram labelling task:

Questions 9-13

Questions 14-18

Questions 19-23

Questions 24-26

Questions 27-32

Questions 33-37

Questions 38-40

Research into aspirin

Reading Passage 1

Snow-makers

Reading Passage 2

Why are so few tigers man-eaters?

Reading Passage 3

Keep taking the tablets

Bình luận

Về chúng tôi

Sứ mệnh