Reading Passage has ten paragraphs A-J

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-J in boxes 15-20 on your answer sheet

An example of how one parrot species may survive at the expense of another 15 ABCDEFGHI

A description of how plants may adapt to attract birds 16 ABCDEFGHI

Example of two parrot species which benefited from changes to the environment 17 ABCDEFGHI

How the varied Australian landscape resulted in a great variety of parrot species 18 ABCDEFGHI

A reason why most parrot species are native to the southern hemisphere 19 ABCDEFGHI

An example of a parrot species which did not survive changes to its habitat 20 ABCDEFGHI

• 15 Answer: I
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  Q15:  An example of how one parrot species may survive at the expense of another.	For example, after farmers cleared large areas of forest on Kangaroo Island off the coast of South Australia, the island was colonised by galahs. They were soon going down holes and destroying black cockatoo eggs in order to take the hole for their own use. Their success precipitated a partial collapse in the black cockatoo population when the later lost the struggle for scarce nesting hollows.
  Note:  We can easily determine the location of must-find information in this passage thanks to “ an example” = “for example”. Then, we can understand that the colonization of farmers brings to the short of habitat for Galahs - a species parrot on Kangaroo Island. Therefore, they have to destroy eggs of another species “black cockatoo” in holes to find a new habitat and this leads to “the extinction of black cockatoo” - “ the expense of another”. Therefore, the answer is I.

• 16 Answer: F
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  Q16: A description of how plants may adapt to attract birds.	Like all of Australia's many honey eating birds, the rainbow-coloured lorikeets and the flowers on which they feed have long co­evolved with features such as the shape and colour of the flowers adapted to the bird's particular needs, and physical a example, red is the most attractive colour to birds, and thus flowers which depend on birds for pollination are more often red, and lorikeets' to gues have bristles which help them to collect as much pollen as possible.
  Note:  In the question, we can find information which shows how plants may adapt to attract birds and in the F paragraph explain “flowers which depend on birds for pollination are more often red”. Therefore, the answer is F.

• 17 Answer: G
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  Q17: Example of two parrot species which benefited from changes to the environment.	Two of the dry country parrots, the pink and “grey galah and the pink, white and yellow corella have expanded their ranges in  recent years. They are among the species that have adapted well to the changes brought about by European settlement forest telling created grasslands where galahs and corellas thrive.
  Note:  We deal with many questions about examples, we have to find the words “example”, “instance”, “to illustrate” … or many certain things such as private names. In this passage, we find that “two parrot species” are “the pink and grey galah and the pink, white and yellow corella”. Therefore, the answer is G.

• 18 Answer: D
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  Q18: How the varied Australian landscape resulted in a great variety of parrot species.	The parrots spread from ancestral forests through eucalypt woodlands to colonies the central deserts of Australia, and as a consequence they diversified into a wide range of species with adaptations that reflect the many changes animals and plants had to make to survive in these areas.
  Note:  We can see that Australia provided a variety of habitat with parrot species “eucalypt woodlands to colonize the central deserts” so parrots species have to find suitable to survive for every environment and then a lot of different species appear. Therefore, the answer is D.

• 19 Answer: C
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  Q19: A reason why most parrot species are native to the southern hemisphere.	Due to their great diversity, and since most species inhabit Africa, Australia and South America, it seems almost certain that parrots originated millions of years ago on the ancient southern continent of Gondwana, before it broke up into the separate southern hemisphere continents we know today. Much of Gondwana comprised vast rainforests intersected by huge slow-flowing rivers and expansive lakes, but by eight million years ago, great changes were underway. The center of the continent of Australia had begun to dry out, and the rainforests that once covered it gradually contracted to the continental margins, where, to a limited extent, they still exist today.
  Note:  We need to find information related to the reason about parrots’ origins from the southern continent and this information “The center of the continent of Australia had begun to dry out, and the rainforests that once covered it gradually contracted to the continental margins, where, to a limited extent, they still exist today.” in the paragraph proved considerably .Therefore, the answer is C.

• 20 Answer: H
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  Q20: An example of a parrot species which did not survive changes to its habitat.	But other parrot species did not fare so well when their environments were altered. The clearing of large areas of rainforest is probably responsible for the disappearance of the double-eyed fig parrot, and numbers of ground parrots declined when a great part of their habitat was destroyed by the draining of coastal swamps.
  Note:  We can rely on the introduction of this paragraph “did not fare so well when their environments were altered” to determine the location of must-find information. After that, we can comprehend that the author needs to show a clear example of “double-eyed fig parrot”  to provide more information for readers about how the environment has a considerable impact on a parrot species’ survival. Therefore, the answer is H.

The reading Passage has six paragraphs A-F

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet.

28 iiiiiiivvviviiviii Paragraph A

29 iiiiiiivvviviiviii Paragraph B

30 iiiiiiivvviviiviii Paragraph C

31 iiiiiiivvviviiviii Paragraph D

32 iiiiiiivvviviiviii Paragraph E

33 iiiiiiivvviviiviii Paragraph F

• 28 Answer: iv
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  Q28: Paragraph A	The law influences all of us virtually all the time, it governs almost all aspects of our behavior, and even what happens to us when we are no longer alive. It affects us from the embryo onwards. It governs the air we breathe, the food and drink we consume, our travel, family relationships, and our property. It applies at the bottom of the ocean and in space. Each time we examine a label on a food product … we are in the world of law.
  Note:  The main meaning that appears at the beginning of this paragraph is that the law influences all aspects of our lives. After that, the paragraph gives the explanation for this statement.   So we can conclude with the most suitable heading:   iv The law applies throughout our lives Answer: iv

• 29 Answer: vii
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  Q29: Paragraph B	Law has also become much more widely recognised as the standard by which behavior needs to be judged. A very telling development in recent history is the way in which the idea of law has permeated all parts of social life. The universal standard of whether something is socially tolerated is progressively becoming whether it is legal, rather than something that has always been considered acceptable. In earlier times, most people were illiterate. Today, by contrast, a vast number of people can read, and it is becoming easier for people to take an interest in law, and for the general population to help actually shape the law in many countries. However, law is a versatile instrument that can be used equally well for the improvement or the degradation of humanity.
  Note:  Through paragraph B, the author said that more and more people are able to recognize and access the law after the increase of literate people.  So we can infer 2 headings that may be appreciated:  v The law has affected historical events vii public's increasing ability to influence the law However, the events mentioned in the paragraph were the progress that more people can access the law, not the law has affected them somehow. Hence, the correct heading is vii.  Answer: vii

• 30 Answer: i
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  Q30: Paragraph C	This, of course, puts law in a very significant position. In our rapidly developing world, all sorts of skills and knowledge are valuable. Those people, for example, with knowledge of computers, the internet, and communications technology are relied upon by the rest of us. There is now someone with IT skills or an IT help desk in every UK school, every company, every hospital, every local and central government office. Without their knowledge, many parts of commercial and social life today would seize up in minutes. … In other words, the lawyer is the only person who has read and made sense of the rules.
  Note:  The main meaning that appeared through the paragraph is that each person is good at different areas and all of those skills are important, however, the law can lead and make sense of the rules of society. Then, the author gives an example in the IT area to confirm his argument.  The most suitable heading is  i Different areas of professional expertise Answer: i

• 31 Answer: viii
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  Q31: Paragraph D	The number of laws has never been greater. In the UK alone, about 35 new Acts of Parliament are produced every year, thereby delivering thousands of new rules. The legislative output of the British Parliament has more than doubled in recent times from 1,100 pages a year in the early 1970s, to over 2,500 pages a year today. Between 1997 and 2006, the legislature passed 365 Acts of Parliament and more than 32,000 legally binding statutory instruments. In a system with so much law, lawyers do a great deal not just to vindicate the rights of citizens and organizations but also to help develop the law through legal arguments, some of which are adapted by judges to become laws. Law courts can and do produce new law and revise old law, but they do so having heard the arguments of lawyers.
  Note:  The paragraph mentions many figures about the rising of the law’s amount as well as the increasing responsibilities of lawyers and law courts, which all makes the law system develop a lot. We can choose the heading:  viii growth in laws Answer: viii

• 32 Answer: vi
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  Q32: Paragraph E	However, despite their important role in developing the rules, lawyers are not universally admired. Anti-lawyer jokes have a long history going back to the ancient Greeks. More recently the son of a famous Hollywood actor was asked at his junior school what his father did for a living, to which he replied, 'My daddy is a movie actor, and sometimes he plays the good guy, and sometimes he plays the lawyer. For balance, though, it Is worth remembering that there are and have been many heroic and revered lawyers such as the Roman philosopher and politician Cicero and Mahatma Gandi, the Indian campaigner for independence.
  Note:  The main meaning appears at the beginning of this paragraph: there are still many bad opinions and looks toward lawyers despite having many heroic and revered lawyers in the past. It is explained by some anti-lawyer jokes or the story of the son of a famous Hollywood actor. We can guess 2 possible headings:  iii The disadvantages of the legal system vi A negative regard for lawyers Although both mention the negatives, heading iii quite goes far away from the main meaning of the paragraph.  Answer: vi

• 33 Answer: ii
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  Q33: Paragraph F	People sometimes make comments that characterise lawyers as professionals whose concerns put personal reward above truth, or who gain financially from misfortune. There are undoubtedly lawyers that would fit that bill, Just as there are some scientists, Journalists and others In that category, But, In general, it is no more Just to say that lawyers are bad because they make a living from people's problems than it is to make the same accusation In respect of nurses or IT consultants, A great many lawyers are involved in public law work, such as that Involving civil liberties, housing and other Issues. Such work Is not lavishly remunerated and the quality of the service provided by these lawyers relies on considerable professional dedication, Moreover, much legal work has nothing to do with conflict or misfortune, but is primarily concerned with drafting documents, Another source of social disaffection for lawyers, and disaffection for the law, is a limited public understanding of how law works and how It could be changed. Greater clarity about these issues, maybe as a result of better public relations, would reduce many aspects of public dissatisfaction with the law.
  Note:  We can see that this is the last question so you can use the exclusion method to locate the answer. The main meaning: although many people still make comments on the way to earn money of lawyers, these are misunderstood and lawyers just do what they need to do to get money.  ii Reasons why it is unfair to criticize lawyers Answer: ii