Answer Keys:
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 NOT GIVEN
- 2 TRUE
- 3 TRUE
- 4 FALSE
- 5-6 D,E
- 7-8 C,D
- 9 B
- 10 D
- 11 D
- 12 C
- 13 B
Answer Keys
- 1 NOT GIVEN
- 2 TRUE
- 3 TRUE
- 4 FALSE
- 5-6 D,E
- 7-8 C,D
- 9 B
- 10 D
- 11 D
- 12 C
- 13 B
Part 2: Question 14 - 26
- 14 Persian wars
- 15 allies
- 16 geographical knowledge
- 17 pilgrimage
- 18 Buddhist teachers
- 19 colonies
- 20 principles
- 21 wealthy
- 22 C
- 23 D
- 24 B
- 25 A
- 26 D
Answer Keys
- 14 Persian wars
- 15 allies
- 16 geographical knowledge
- 17 pilgrimage
- 18 Buddhist teachers
- 19 colonies
- 20 principles
- 21 wealthy
- 22 C
- 23 D
- 24 B
- 25 A
- 26 D
Part 3: Question 27 - 40
- 27 E
- 28 F
- 29 G
- 30 D
- 31 C
- 32 B
- 33 D
- 34 A
- 35 E
- 36 F
- 37 D
- 38 A
- 39 G
- 40 B
Answer Keys
- 27 E
- 28 F
- 29 G
- 30 D
- 31 C
- 32 B
- 33 D
- 34 A
- 35 E
- 36 F
- 37 D
- 38 A
- 39 G
- 40 B
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
1 Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made a decision that it would hire more Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get a fresh staff.
2 Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed.
3 Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture.
4 According to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution they make.
- 1 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1. Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made a decision that it would hire more Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get a fresh staff.
Paragraph A. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Sun Life” to find information in paragraph A.
In the text, it is stated that the company “was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over”, but does not say more Canadian employees would be hired instead of British ones.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 2 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2. Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed.
Paragraph B. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Japan” to find information in paragraph B.
In the text, it is stated that More than perhaps anywhere else (or unlike other places), pay in Japan (or employees in Japan get paid) is linked to (or according to) seniority (the years they are employed).
Answer: TRUE
- 3 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3. Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture.
Paragraph C. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture.
Note:
Scan the keyword “German” to find information in paragraph C.
In the text, it is stated that German companies replaces older workers (or lay off elder workers) to make it easier to ‘defrost’ (or refresh) the corporate culture.
Answer: TRUE
- 4 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4. According to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution they make.
Paragraph D. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Peter Hicks” to find information in paragraph D.
In the text, according to Hicks, older people are paid more because they are worth more (or they contribute more).
Q4 says there is no connection between the contribution and the pay, so it is wrong.
Answer: FALSE
Questions 5-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 5-6 on your answer sheet.
According to the passage, there are several advantages to hire elder people, please choose TWO from below：
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 5-6 Answer: D,E
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5: advantages t
o hire elder people
D. have a better inter-person relationship
Paragraph D. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up.
Note:
To find advantages of old workers, you need to notice paraphrases like “skills may increase with age”.
The text says one of their advantages is the ability to handle people diplomatically (or to have a better inter-person relationship)
So, D is correct.
Q6: advantages to hire elder people
E. identify problems in an advanced time
Paragraph D. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up.
Note:
To find advantages of old workers, you need to notice paraphrases like “skills may increase with age”.
The text says one of their advantages is spot (or identify) a problem before it blows up (or in an advanced time).
So, E is correct.
Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.
According to Mr.Peterson, Compared with elder employees, young graduates have several weaknesses in workplace, please choose TWO of them below：
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 7-8 Answer: C,D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7: young graduates’ weaknesses in workplace
C. they change work more often
Paragraph E. in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that offer the worst returns on training.
Note:
To find young graduates’ weaknesses in the workplace, you need to notice hints like “the virtues of the young may be exaggerated” in paragraph E.
The text says one of their disadvantages is to switch jobs (change work) so frequently (often) that offer the worst returns on training.
So, C is correct.
Q8: advantages to hire elder people
D. their academic criteria is someway behind elders
Paragraph E. Besides, their education standards (the old) are much better than those of today’s young high-school graduates.
Note:
To find young graduates’ weaknesses in the workplace, you need to notice hints like “the virtues of the young may be exaggerated” in paragraph E.
The text says education standards (or academic criteria) of the old (elders) are much better than those of today’s young high-school graduates (or the young’s are behind the old’s)
So, D is correct.
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q9. According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that? A Older workers are more likely to attract other staff B People are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age. C Older people have more retaining motivation than young people D young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary. | But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although workers on piece-fates often earn less over time. |
Note: Notice some paraphrases: “not happy” – “uncomfortable”, “opinion” - “idea”, “pay gets lower” – “reduce pay”, “retiring age” – “later life” to find that answer B conveys the same meaning that the sentence in the passage. There is no information related to answers A, C, D. Answer: B | |
SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q10. SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement: A Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis B Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment C Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay D Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower | Paragraph G. a separate company called SkillTeam, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. |
Note: Scan the keyword “SkillTeam” to find the answer in paragraph G. Notice some paraphrases: “re-hire” – “re-employ”, “old employees” - “employee at the age of 55”, “kept the salary a bit lower” – “88% of his last IBM salary” find that answer D conveys the same meaning as the sentence in the passage. There is no information related to answers A, C are wrong because of working hour, answer B is wrong because SkillTeam does not cut off the elderly. Answer: D | |
which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11. which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn A About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘Bridge’ jobs. B Only the worst-paid continue to work. C More men than women fell into the category of ’bridge’ work. D Some old people keep working for their motives rather than an economic incentive. | Paragraph H. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such “bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very different types of bridge jog-holders – those who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire.” |
Note: Scan keyword “Quinn” to find the answer in paragraph H. Only answer D conveys the same meaning as in the text: those who continue working (or keep working) because (for) they want to (their motives), even though (rather than) they could afford (have enough money) to retire (or economic incentive – or money reason). Answer A is wrong because not 50% of all employees, just who are in full-time jobs. Answer B is wrong because both the best-paid and the worst-paid carry on working Answer C is wrong because there is no information given. Answer: D | |
Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12. Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey A 70% of business is successful if hire more older people. B The average success of the self-employed business is getting lower. C Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive. D Older people’s working hours are more flexible. | Paragraph I. a study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks. |
Note: Scan keyword “David Storey” to find the answer in paragraph I. Only answer C conveys the same meaning as in the text: 70% of businesses started by people over 55 (self-employed elders) survived, which means they are more likely to survive than other businesses (average 19%). Answers A & B are wrong because there is no information on the success rate of businesses. Answer D is wrong because there is no information on working hours. Answer: C | |
What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13. What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage? A there must be a successful retiring program for the old B older people should be correctly valued in employment C old people should offer more helping young employees grow. D There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people | Main ideas of all paragraphs |
Note: To answer this question, you should summarise the main ideas of all paragraphs then link them together to find the general idea of the whole article. Paragraph A, B, C: the reality that old workers are not preferred among countries Paragraph D: advantages of hiring old people Paragraph E: weakness of young people when compared to the old ones Paragraph F: Reason to devise a new scheme to hire old people Paragraph G, H, I: Innovations and suggestions to attracting elder workers From the above main ideas, we can find that this article is to deal with the need to correctly value older people in employment. Answer: B | |
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| Kiệt Trần |  | 9.0 | 16:42 | |
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| Dimitar Borilov |  | 9.0 | 19:42 | |
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| 7 | adadadadada adadadadad | | 9.0 | 20:56 |
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| 10 | Dung Nguyen | | 9.0 | 23:59 |
Tips for improving your ielts score
Review & Explanations:
Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
1 Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made a decision that it would hire more Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get a fresh staff.
2 Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed.
3 Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture.
4 According to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution they make.
- 1 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1. Insurance company Sun Life of Canada made a decision that it would hire more Canadian employees rather than British ones in order to get a fresh staff.
Paragraph A. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Sun Life” to find information in paragraph A.
In the text, it is stated that the company “was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over”, but does not say more Canadian employees would be hired instead of British ones.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 2 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2. Unlike other places, employees in Japan get paid according to the years they are employed.
Paragraph B. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Japan” to find information in paragraph B.
In the text, it is stated that More than perhaps anywhere else (or unlike other places), pay in Japan (or employees in Japan get paid) is linked to (or according to) seniority (the years they are employed).
Answer: TRUE
- 3 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3. Elder workers are laid off by some German companies which are refreshing corporate culture.
Paragraph C. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture.
Note:
Scan the keyword “German” to find information in paragraph C.
In the text, it is stated that German companies replaces older workers (or lay off elder workers) to make it easier to ‘defrost’ (or refresh) the corporate culture.
Answer: TRUE
- 4 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4. According to Peter Hicks, companies pay older people more regardless of the contribution they make.
Paragraph D. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Peter Hicks” to find information in paragraph D.
In the text, according to Hicks, older people are paid more because they are worth more (or they contribute more).
Q4 says there is no connection between the contribution and the pay, so it is wrong.
Answer: FALSE
Questions 5-6
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 5-6 on your answer sheet.
According to the passage, there are several advantages to hire elder people, please choose TWO from below：
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 5-6 Answer: D,E
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5: advantages t
o hire elder people
D. have a better inter-person relationship
Paragraph D. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up.
Note:
To find advantages of old workers, you need to notice paraphrases like “skills may increase with age”.
The text says one of their advantages is the ability to handle people diplomatically (or to have a better inter-person relationship)
So, D is correct.
Q6: advantages to hire elder people
E. identify problems in an advanced time
Paragraph D. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up.
Note:
To find advantages of old workers, you need to notice paraphrases like “skills may increase with age”.
The text says one of their advantages is spot (or identify) a problem before it blows up (or in an advanced time).
So, E is correct.
Questions 7-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, D, E.
Write your answers in boxes 7-8 on your answer sheet.
According to Mr.Peterson, Compared with elder employees, young graduates have several weaknesses in workplace, please choose TWO of them below：
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 7-8 Answer: C,D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7: young graduates’ weaknesses in workplace
C. they change work more often
Paragraph E. in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that offer the worst returns on training.
Note:
To find young graduates’ weaknesses in the workplace, you need to notice hints like “the virtues of the young may be exaggerated” in paragraph E.
The text says one of their disadvantages is to switch jobs (change work) so frequently (often) that offer the worst returns on training.
So, C is correct.
Q8: advantages to hire elder people
D. their academic criteria is someway behind elders
Paragraph E. Besides, their education standards (the old) are much better than those of today’s young high-school graduates.
Note:
To find young graduates’ weaknesses in the workplace, you need to notice hints like “the virtues of the young may be exaggerated” in paragraph E.
The text says education standards (or academic criteria) of the old (elders) are much better than those of today’s young high-school graduates (or the young’s are behind the old’s)
So, D is correct.
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q9. According to paragraph F, the firms and workers still hold the opinion that? A Older workers are more likely to attract other staff B People are not happy if pay gets lower in retiring age. C Older people have more retaining motivation than young people D young people often earn less for their piece-rates salary. | But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although workers on piece-fates often earn less over time. |
Note: Notice some paraphrases: “not happy” – “uncomfortable”, “opinion” - “idea”, “pay gets lower” – “reduce pay”, “retiring age” – “later life” to find that answer B conveys the same meaning that the sentence in the passage. There is no information related to answers A, C, D. Answer: B | |
SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q10. SkillTeam that has been founded by IBM conducted which of the following movement: A Ask all the old worker to continue their job on former working hours basis B Carry on the action of cutting off the elder’s proportion of employment C Ask employees to work more hours in order to get extra pay D Re-hire old employees and kept the salary a bit lower | Paragraph G. a separate company called SkillTeam, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. |
Note: Scan the keyword “SkillTeam” to find the answer in paragraph G. Notice some paraphrases: “re-hire” – “re-employ”, “old employees” - “employee at the age of 55”, “kept the salary a bit lower” – “88% of his last IBM salary” find that answer D conveys the same meaning as the sentence in the passage. There is no information related to answers A, C are wrong because of working hour, answer B is wrong because SkillTeam does not cut off the elderly. Answer: D | |
which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11. which of the followings is correct according to the research of Mr Quinn A About 50% of all employees in America switched into ‘Bridge’ jobs. B Only the worst-paid continue to work. C More men than women fell into the category of ’bridge’ work. D Some old people keep working for their motives rather than an economic incentive. | Paragraph H. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such “bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very different types of bridge jog-holders – those who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire.” |
Note: Scan keyword “Quinn” to find the answer in paragraph H. Only answer D conveys the same meaning as in the text: those who continue working (or keep working) because (for) they want to (their motives), even though (rather than) they could afford (have enough money) to retire (or economic incentive – or money reason). Answer A is wrong because not 50% of all employees, just who are in full-time jobs. Answer B is wrong because both the best-paid and the worst-paid carry on working Answer C is wrong because there is no information given. Answer: D | |
Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12. Which of the followings is correct according to David Storey A 70% of business is successful if hire more older people. B The average success of the self-employed business is getting lower. C Self-employed elder people are more likely to survive. D Older people’s working hours are more flexible. | Paragraph I. a study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks. |
Note: Scan keyword “David Storey” to find the answer in paragraph I. Only answer C conveys the same meaning as in the text: 70% of businesses started by people over 55 (self-employed elders) survived, which means they are more likely to survive than other businesses (average 19%). Answers A & B are wrong because there is no information on the success rate of businesses. Answer D is wrong because there is no information on working hours. Answer: C | |
What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13. What is the main purpose of the author in writing this passage? A there must be a successful retiring program for the old B older people should be correctly valued in employment C old people should offer more helping young employees grow. D There are more jobs in the world that only employ older people | Main ideas of all paragraphs |
Note: To answer this question, you should summarise the main ideas of all paragraphs then link them together to find the general idea of the whole article. Paragraph A, B, C: the reality that old workers are not preferred among countries Paragraph D: advantages of hiring old people Paragraph E: weakness of young people when compared to the old ones Paragraph F: Reason to devise a new scheme to hire old people Paragraph G, H, I: Innovations and suggestions to attracting elder workers From the above main ideas, we can find that this article is to deal with the need to correctly value older people in employment. Answer: B | |
Questions 14-21
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 14-21 on your answer sheet.
TIME | DESTINATION | TRAVELER | PURPOSE |
| Classical era | Egypt and Anatolia | Herodotus | To obtain information on 14 . |
| 1st century BC | Central Asia | Zhang Qian | To seek 15 . |
| Roman Empire | Mediterranean | Ptolemy, Strabo Pliny the Elder | To gather 16 |
| Post-classical era | Eastern Hemisphere | Muslims | For business and 17 |
| 5th to 9th centuries CE | India | Asian Buddhists | To study with 18 and for spiritual enlightenment |
| Early modern era | Distant places of the globe | The Europeans | To meet the public’s expectation for the outside |
| 19th century | Asia, Africa | Colonial administrator | To provide information on the 19 they conquer |
| By the mid-century of the 1800s | Europe and the United States | Sun Yat-sen, Fukuzawa Yukichi | To learn 20 for the reorganization of their societies |
| 20th century | Mass tourism | People from 21 countries | For entertainment |
- 14 Answer: Persian wars
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q14:
- Time: Classical era
- Destination: Egypt and Anatolia
- Traveler: Herodotus
- Purpose: To obtain information on ——
Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing, and fragmentary travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. After the formation of large, imperial states in the classical world, travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands, and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. The Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in researching the history of the Persian wars.
Note:
The term “ancient times” is equivalent to “Classical era”.
“research” means “obtain information”.
Here we have two possible answer: history and Persian wars. Of course, the word “history” cannot be the answer because it is too general.
Answer: Persian wars
- 15 Answer: allies
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q15:
- Time: 1st century BC
- Destination: Central Asia
- Traveler: Zhang Qian
- Purpose: To seek ——
The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of travels undertaken in the first century BC while searching for allies for the Han dynasty
Note:
It is easy to find all the keywords of this question when continuing reading from question 1.
The term “search for” is equivalent to “seek”.
Answer: allies
- 16 Answer: geographical knowledge
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q16:
- Time: Roman Empire
- Destination: Mediterranean
- Traveler: Ptolemy, Strabo Pliny the Elder
- Purpose: To gather ——
Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well as reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge.
Note:
In this question, the word “Roman” is “Accient Rome” (distinguish with nowadays Rome). Therefore, “Roman geographers” is in “Roman Empire”.
the term “compile vast compendia” means that “they have to gather information and then compile/summarize them”
Answer: geographical knowledge
- 17 Answer: pilgrimage
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q17:
- Time: Post-classical era
- Destination: Eastern Hemisphere
- Traveler: Muslims
- Purpose: For business and ——
During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE), trade and pilgrimage emerged as major incentives for travel to foreign lands. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere.
Note:
We can see a lot of keywords appearing here.
The word “trade” is an action of business.
Answer: pilgrimage
- 18 Answer: Buddhist teachers
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q18:
- Time: 5th to 9th centuries CE
- Destination: India
- Traveler: Asian Buddhists
- Purpose: To study with —— and for spiritual enlightenment
Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE, hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers, collect sacred texts, and visit holy sites. Written accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims, such as Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims, Buddhists from Japan, Korea, and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment.
Note:
According to the Westen Countries, “China” represent for “Asia”
we can see “study with Buddhist teachers” here.
Answer: Buddhist teachers
- 19 Answer: colonies
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q19:
- Time: 19th century
- Destination: Asia, Africa
- Traveler: Colonial administrator
- Purpose: To provide information on the —— they conquer
During the 19th century, European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the Americas, generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. Meanwhile, European colonial administrators devoted numerous writing to the societies of their colonial subjects, particularly in Asian and African colonies they established.
Note:
the term “devoted numerous writing to the societies” means that they write a lot of materials to provide information to the societies.
the term “Asian and African colonies” supports for “their colonial subjects”.
the full meaning of “establish” in this context is to “establish a colony”, which is similar to “conquer”
Answer: colonies
- 20 Answer: principles
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q20:
- Time: By the mid-century of the 1800s
- Destination: Europe and the United States
- Traveler: Sun Yat-sen, Fukuzawa Yukichi
- Purpose: To learn —— for the reorganization of their societies
By midcentury, attention was flowing also in the other direction. Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro-American societies, Asian travelers , in particular, visited Europe and the United States in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganization of their own societies. Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their overseas observations and experiences in their own writing were the Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen.
Note:
In paragraph F, it tells about 19th century, which is equivalent to 1800s.
Therefore, “By midcentury” is “ By the mid-century of the 19th century (1800s)”
all the words “discovering”, “observations and experiences” are about “learning” new things.
The word between “discovering” and “useful for the reorganization of their own societies”, because these two terms repeatedly appear in the question.
Answer: principles
- 21 Answer: wealthy
Keywords in Paragraph
Similar words in Answer
Q21:
- Time: 20th century
- Destination: Mass tourism
- Traveler: People from —— countries
- Purpose: For entertainment
With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport, the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the volume of travel writing. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of business, administration, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and missionary work, as in ages past, increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds of travel to flourish. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism, which emerged as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world’s wealthy societies.
Note:
“mass tourism” means “travel as ordinary to a famous place”
a “country” is a “society”.
the term “living in the world’s wealthy societies” is an abbreviated/shortened clause that supports the word “ individuals” (equivalent to people). Hence, this term is equivalent to “people from wealthy countries”
Answer: wealthy
Questions 22 - 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
Why did some people travel in the early days?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Paragraph | Similar words in Answer |
Q22: Why did some people travel in the early days? A to do research on themselves B to write travel books C to have a better understanding of other people and places D to study local culture | Until recent times, however, trade, business dealings, diplomacy, political administration, military campaigns, exile, flight from persecution, migration, pilgrimage, missionary efforts, and the quest for economic or educational opportunities were more common inducements for foreign travel than was a mere curiosity. While the travelers’ accounts give much valuable information on these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories, they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves, for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves. |
Note: the term “early days” is equivalent to “recent times”. In this paragraph, there are three reason that some people travel in the recent times:
Therefore, both C and D are correct. But, C is lack information. The answer contain all the reason is the best answer. In answer C, people and places contain all these three reason. lands, cultures, and histories can be summarized as people and place (use your understanding, do not use the meaning of vocabulary only). Answer: C to have a better understanding of other people and places | |
The travelers’ accounts are a mirror to themselves,
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Paragraph | Similar words in Answer |
Q23: The travelers’ accounts are a mirror to themselves, A because they help them to be aware of local histories. B because travelers are curious about the world. C because travelers could do more research on the unknown. D because they reflect the writers’ own experience and social life. | While the travelers’ accounts give much valuable information on these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories, they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves, for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves. |
Note: These sentences can be written separately as:
Therefore, we have to focus only to the latter sentence. It is easy to say that A, B and C are not correct because there are no information about them in this sentence. Moreover, “for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves” is a personal idea of the author, which means it “reflects the writers’ own experience and social life.” Answer: D because they reflect the writers’ own experience and social life. | |
Most of the people who went to holy sites during the early part of the postclassical era are
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Paragraph | Similar words in Answer |
Q24: Most of the people who went to holy sites during the early part of the postclassical era are A Europeans. B Muslim and East Asians. C Americans. D Greeks. | During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE), trade and pilgrimage emerged as major incentives for travel to foreign lands. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. … East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims during the postclassical era, but they too followed many of the highways and sea lanes of the eastern hemisphere. |
Note: Paragraph C mentions about postclassical era. In this paragraph, there are two examples only, Muslim and East Asian. Answer: B Muslim and East Asians. Caution: this explanation is a fast one to explain the answer to this question. If the question is like A. Muslim, B. East Asians, C Muslim and East Asians, you have to read carefully to point out who went to holy sites | |
During the early modern era, a large number of travel books were published to
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Paragraph | Similar words in Answer |
Q25: During the early modern era, a large number of travel books were published to A provide what the public wants. B encourage the public’s feedback. C gain profit. D prompt trips to the new world. | If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel writing in postclassical times, European explorers, conquerors, merchants, and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe, and European printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. |
Note: the “early modern era” is mentioned in paragraph E. the term “print presses” is equivalent to “publish books”. Here, they traveled and print presses. Hence, “print presses” means “publish travel books” the term “for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world.” is the reason of why they “publish travel books”, and this is similar to “provide what the public wants.” Answer: A provide what the public wants. | |
What stimulated the market for traveling in the 20th century?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Paragraph | Similar words in Answer |
Q26: What stimulated the market for traveling in the 20th century? A the wealthy B travel books C delicious food D mass transport | With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport, the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the volume of travel writing. |
Note: “With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport” is the reason why “the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the volume of travel writing”. In other words, the reason stimulates and leads to the result. Therefore, mass transport stimulated the market for traveling in the 20th century Answer: D mass transport | |
Question 27 - 31
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct number, A-G, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
| A | A |
| B | B |
| C | C |
| D | D |
| E | E |
| F | F |
| G | G |
27 Reference of an artist’s dreams who has versatile talents
28 The dream actually happens to many animals
29 Dreams are related to benefit and happiness
30 Advanced scientific technology applied in the investigation of the REM stage.
31 Questioning concern raised about the usefulness of investigation on dreams
- 27 Answer: E
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q27: Reference of an artist’s dreams who has versatile talents
Israeli researcher Peretz Lavie has been observing a patient named Yuval Chamtzani, who was injured by a fragment of shrapnel that penetrated his brain when he was 19. As a result, he gets no REM sleep and doesn’t remember any dreams. But Lavie says that Chamtzani, now 55, “is probably the most normal person I know and one of the most successful ones.” He’s a lawyer, a painter and the editor of a puzzle column in a popular Israeli newspaper.
Note:
After reading paragraphs, you can locate the information needed in passage E:
- There is a man named Chamtzani observed by an Israeli researcher. He is portrayed as a lawyer, a painter, and an editor which show his versatile talents. The reference of having no REM sleep and no memory of dream are mentioned.
Therefore, the answer is E
- 28 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q28: The dream actually happens to many animals.
The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it is ubiquitous – at least in mammals and birds. But that doesn’t mean all mammals and birds dream (or if they do, they’re certainly not – talking about it).
Note:
In the passage, the author states that REM sleep, wherein dreams happen, is ubiquitous to at least in mammals and birds, though it does not happen to all animals.
Hence, the correct answer for Q28 is F
- 29 Answer: G
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q29: Dreams are related to benefit and happiness.
Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men and women, and she is finding that “good dreamers,” people who have vivid dreams with strong storylines, are less likely to remain depressed. She thinks that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions.
Note:
In paragraph G we can find some sentences mentioning dream’s benefits and happiness:
- As stated by Cartwright, people having strong storylines in dreams are more likely to be happy and dreams also benefit by diffusing strong emotions.
For these reasons, the passage G will be the correct answer.
- 30 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q30: Advanced scientific technology applied in the investigation of the REM stage
Scientists using PET and fMRI technology to watch the dreaming brain have found that one of the most active areas during REM is the limbic system, which controls our emotions. Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logical thinking.
PET and fMRI are advanced scientific technologies which are used to investigate the REM stage.
Therefore, the answer is D
- 31 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q31: Questioning concern raised about the usefulness of investigation on dreams
These signals, the researchers said, activate the images that we call dreams. That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were meaningless nocturnal firings, what was the point of studying them?
The author questions if dreams are just random events that happen at nights, referred to as nocturnal firing, why should we study them?
So, the answer for Q31 is paragraph C
Questions 32 - 34
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 32-34 on your answer sheet.
What were dreams regarded as by ancient people?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q32: What were dreams regarded as by ancient people? A. superstitious and unreliable B. communication with gods and chance to predict the future C. medical relief for children with an ill desire D. rules to follow as they fell asleep in a temple | Thousands of years ago, dreams were seen as messages from the gods, and in many cultures, they are still considered prophetic. |
The keyword for Q32 is ‘dream’, ‘ancient people’. It is simple to find them in the first paragraph. Among options, ‘messages from gods’ is equivalent to ‘communication with gods’ in B. Also, it is better if you know the meaning of ‘prophetic’ which refers to ‘correctly predict the future’. For these reasons, the answer is B. | |
According to Paragraph D, which part of the brain controls reasoning?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q33: According to Paragraph D, which part of the brain controls reasoning? A anterior cingulate cortex B internal cortex C limbic system D prefrontal cortex
| Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logical thinking. That could explain why dreams in REM sleep often lack a coherent storyline (some researchers have also found that people dream in non-REM sleep as well, although those dreams generally are less vivid.) |
Thus, we can surely conclude that the answer is D: prefrontal cortex | |
What can we conclude when the author cited a reference for dreams in animals?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q34: What can we conclude when the author cited a reference for dreams in animals? A. Brain temperature rises when REM pattern happens. B. The reason why mammals are warm-blooded C. Mammals are bound to appear with more frequent REM. D. REM makes people want to drink beer with more foam. | The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it is ubiquitous – at least in mammals and birds. But that doesn’t mean all mammals and birds dream (or if they do, they’re certainly not – talking about it). Some researchers think REM may have evolved for physiological reasons. “One thing that’s unique about mammals and birds is that they regulate body temperature”, says neuroscientist Jerry Siegel, director of UCLA’s Center for Sleep Research. There’s no good evidence that any coldblooded animal has REM sleep.” REM sleep heats up the brain and non-REM cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that the changing sleep cycles allow the brain to repair itself. |
Thus, the answer is A. Note: The information in C, D are not given in the paragraphs while B mentions mammals as warm-blooded animals, REM sleep, however, is not explained as a factor contributing to whether they are cold or warm-blooded animals.. | |
Questions 35-40
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.
Match each statement with the correct person, A-G.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet.
| List of people | |
| A | Sigmund Freud |
| B | Allan Hobson (Harvard) |
| C | Robert McCarley |
| D | Eric Nofzinger |
| E | Jerry Siegel |
| F | Clara Hill |
| G | Rosalind Cartwright |
35 Dreams sometimes come along with REM as no more than a trivial attachment
36 Exploring patients’ dreams would be beneficial for treatment as it reveals the unconscious thinking
37 Dreams help people cope with the difficulties they meet in the daytime
38 Decoding dreams would provide a reminder to human desire in the early days
39 Dreams are a body function to control strong emotion
40 Dreams seem to be as randomly occurring and have limited research significance.
- 35 Answer: E
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q35: Dreams sometimes come along with REM as no more than a trivial attachment.
Siegel says, and that could mean that the changing sleep cycles allow the brain to repair itself. “It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a basic physiological function and that dreams are a kind of epiphenomenon,” Siegel says – an extraneous byproduct; like foam on beer.
The keyword for this statement is Jerry Siegel found in Paragraph F.
Reading though the passage F:
- It is essential to know that ‘trivial’ is something unimportant, extraneous, not worthy to consider like foam on beer.
So, the answer for Q35 is E: Jerry Siegel.
- 36 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q36: Exploring patients’ dreams would be beneficial for treatment as it reveals the unconscious thinking
Whatever the function of dreams at night, they clearly can play a role in therapy during the day. The University of Maryland’s Clara Hill, who has studied the use of dreams in therapy, says that dreams are a ‘backdoor’ into a patient’s thinking. “Dreams reveal stuff about you that you didn’t know was there,” she says. The therapists she trains to work with patients’ dreams are, in essence, heirs to Freud, using dream imagery to uncover hidden emotions and feelings. Dreams provide clues to the nature of the more serious mental illness
First lines in paragraph G contains the name ‘Clara HIll’:
- As the researcher stated, dreams reveal things that patients do not know, what we call ‘unconscious thinking’.
- She also lists some advantages of dreams in uncovering hidden emotions and providing clues to serious mental illness.
Thus, the answer is F: Clara Hill.
- 37 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q37: Dreams help people cope with the difficulties they meet in the daytime
Eric Nofzinger, director of the Sleep Neuroimaging Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, thinks that could be why people often figure out thorny problems in their dreams. “As if the brain surveys the internal milieu and tries to figure out what it should be doing, and whether our actions conflict with who we are,” he says.
By scan the word ‘Eric Nofzinger’, you can find the relating information in passage D:
- thorny problems are problems full of difficulties.
- ‘figure out’ is equivalent to ‘cope with’ in this context.
Hence, the answer for Q37 is D: Eric Nofzinger.
- 38 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q38: Decoding dreams would provide a reminder to human desire in the early days
Modern dream science really began at the end of the 19th century with Sigmund Freud, who theorized that dreams were the expression of unconscious desires often stemming from childhood.
You may find the word ‘Sigmund Freud' in 3 different passages. While A described Freud’s theory, the other two passages mentioned his name as a foundation for later research.
Reading carefully paragraph A:
- The word ‘desire’ is used in the statement Q38 and passage A.
- ‘The early days’ equally means ‘childhood’.
For these reasons, the answer for Q38 is A: Sigmund Freud.
- 39 Answer: G
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q39: Dreams are a body function to control strong emotion
Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men and women, and she is finding that “good dreamers,” people who have vivid dreams with strong storylines, are less likely to remain depressed. She thinks that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions. “Dreaming is a mental-health activity,” she says.
‘Cartwright’ is located in paragraph G:
- As stated in the passage, she thinks that dreams can diffuse strong emotions.
- ‘Mental-health activity’ is part of the psychological function of a human.
So, the answer is G: Rosalind Cartwright.
- 40 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q40: Dreams seem to be randomly occurring and have limited research significance.
Scientists still don’t know for sure, although they have lots of theories. On one side are scientists like Harvard’s Allan Hobson, who believes that dreams are essentially random. In the 1970s, Hobson and his colleague Robert McCarley proposed what they called the “activation-synthesis hypothesis’” which describes how dreams are formed by nerve signals sent out during REM sleep from a small area at the base of the brain called the pons. These signals, the researchers said, activate the images that we call dreams. That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were meaningless nocturnal firings, what was the point of studying them?
In paragraph C, you will find the last two names ‘Allan Hobson (Harvard)’, and ‘Robert McCarley’.
The statement in Q40 should be divided into two part:
- Only Allen Hobson believes dreams happen randomly.
- The second statement is agreed by both researchers when they question the importance of researching dreams, which are pictured as meaningless nocturnal firings.
So, we can conclude that the answer is B: Allen Hobson (Harvard) and eliminate the other.
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Grey Workers
A
Given the speed at which their workers are growing greyer, employers know surprisingly little about how productive they are. The general assumption is that the old are paid more in spite of, rather than because of, their extra productivity. That might partly explain why, when employers are under pressure to cut costs, they persuade the 55-year-olds to take early retirement. Earlier this year, Sun Life of Canada, an insurance company, announced that it was offering redundancy to all its British employees aged 50 or over “to bring in new blood”.
B
In Japan, says Mariko Fujiwara, an industrial anthropologist who runs a think-tank for Hakuhodo, Japan’s second-largest advertising agency, most companies are bringing down the retirement age from the traditional 57 to 50 or thereabouts – and in some cases, such as Nissan, to 45. More than perhaps anywhere else, pay in Japan is linked to seniority. Given that the percentage of workers who have spent more than 32 years with the same employer rose from 11% in 1980 to 42% by 1994, it is hardly surprising that seniority-based wage costs have become the most intractable item on corporate profit-and-loss accounts.
C
In Germany, Patrick Pohl, spokesman for Hoechst, expresses a widely held view: “The company is trying to lower the average age of the workforce. Perhaps the main reason for replacing older workers is that it makes it easier to ‘defrost’ the corporate culture. Older workers are less willing to try a new way of thinking. Younger workers are cheaper and more flexible.” Some German firms are hampered from getting rid of older workers as quickly as they would like. At SGL Carbon, a graphite producer, the average age of workers has been going up not down. The reason, says the company’s Ivo Lingnau, is not that SGL values older workers more. It is collective bargaining: the union agreement puts strict limits on the proportion of workers that may retire early.
D
Clearly, when older people do heavy physical work, their age may affect their productivity. But other skills may increase with age, including many that are crucial for good management, such as an ability to handle people diplomatically, to run a meeting or to spot a problem before it blows up. Peter Hicks, who co-ordinates OECD work on the policy implications of ageing, says that plenty of research suggests older people are paid more because they are worth more.
E
And the virtues of the young may be exaggerated. “The few companies that have kept on older workers find they have good judgment and their productivity is good,” says Mr Peterson. “Besides, their education standards are much better than those of today’s young high-school graduates.” Companies may say that older workers are not worth training, because they are reaching the end of their working lives: in fact, young people tend to switch jobs so frequently that offer the worst returns on training. “The median age for employer-driven training is the late 40s and early 50s,” says Mr Hicks. “It goes mainly to managers.”
F
Take away those seniority-based pay scales, and older workers may become a much more attractive employment proposition. But most companies (and many workers) are uncomfortable with the idea of reducing someone’s pay in later life – although workers on piece-fates often earn less over time. So retaining the services of older workers may mean employing them in new ways.
G
One innovation, described in Mr Walker’s report on combating age barriers, was devised by IBM Belgium. Faced with the need to cut staff costs, and have decided to concentrate cuts on 55-60-year-olds, IBM set up a separate company called SkillTeam, which re-employed any of the early retired who wanted to go on working up to the age of 60. An employee who joined SkillTeam at the age of 55 on a five-year contract would work for 58% of his time, over the full period, for 88% of his last IBM salary. The company offered services to IBM, thus allowing it to retain access to some of the intellectual capital it would otherwise have lost.
H
The best way to tempt the old to go on working may be to build on such “bridge” jobs: part-time or temporary employment that creates a more gradual transition from full-time work to retirement. Mr Quinn, who has studied the phenomenon, finds that, in the United States, nearly half of all men and women who had been in full-time jobs in middle age moved into such “bridge” jobs at the end of their working lives. In general, it is the best-paid and worst-paid who carry on working: “There are”, he says, “two very different types of bridge jog-holders – those who continue working because they have to and those who continue working because they want to, even though they could afford to retire.”
I
If the job market grows more flexible, the old may find more jobs that suit them. Often, they will be self-employed. Sometimes, they may start their own businesses: a study by David Storey of Warwick University found that, in Britain, 70% of businesses started by people over 55 survived, compared with an average of only 19%. To coax the old back into the job market, work will not only have to pay. It will need to be more fun than touring the country in an Airstream trailer, or seeing the grandchildren, or playing golf. Only then will there be many more Joe Clarks.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Travel Accounts
A
There are many reasons why individuals have traveled beyond their own societies. Some travelers may have simply desired to satisfy curiosity about the larger world. Until recent times, however, trade, business dealings, diplomacy, political administration, military campaigns, exile, flight from persecution, migration, pilgrimage, missionary efforts, and the quest for economic or educational opportunities were more common inducements for foreign travel than was a mere curiosity. While the travelers’ accounts give much valuable information on these foreign lands and provide a window for the understanding of the local cultures and histories, they are also a mirror to the travelers themselves, for these accounts help them to have a better understanding of themselves.
B
Records of foreign travel appeared soon after the invention of writing, and fragmentary travel accounts appeared in both Mesopotamia and Egypt in ancient times. After the formation of large, imperial states in the classical world, travel accounts emerged as a prominent literary genre in many lands, and they held especially strong appeal for rulers desiring useful knowledge about their realms. The Greek historian Herodotus reported on his travels in Egypt and Anatolia in researching the history of the Persian wars. The Chinese envoy Zhang Qian described much of central Asia as far west as Bactria (modern-day Afghanistan) on the basis of travels undertaken in the first century BC while searching for allies for the Han dynasty. Hellenistic and Roman geographers such as Ptolemy, Strabo, and Pliny the Elder relied on their own travels through much of the Mediterranean world as well as reports of other travelers to compile vast compendia of geographical knowledge.
C
During the postclassical era (about 500 to 1500 CE), trade and pilgrimage emerged as major incentives for travel to foreign lands. Muslim merchants sought trading opportunities throughout much of the eastern hemisphere. They described lands, peoples, and commercial products of the Indian Ocean basin from East Africa to Indonesia, and they supplied the first written accounts of societies in sub-Saharan west Africa. While merchants set out in search of trade and profit, devout Muslims traveled as pilgrims to Mecca to make their hajj and visit the holy sites of Islam. Since the prophet Muhammad’s original pilgrimage to Mecca, untold millions of Muslims have followed his example, and thousands of hajj accounts have related their experiences. One of the best known Muslim travelers, Ibn Battuta, began his travels with the hajj but then went on to visit central Asia, India, China, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of Mediterranean Europe before returning finally to his home in Morocco. East Asian travelers were not quite so prominent as Muslims during the postclassical era, but they too followed many of the highways and sea lanes of the eastern hemisphere. Chinese merchants frequently visited Southeast Asia and India, occasionally venturing even to east Africa, and devout East Asian Buddhists undertook distant pilgrimages. Between the 5th and 9th centuries CE, hundreds and possibly even thousands of Chinese Buddhists traveled to India to study with Buddhist teachers, collect sacred texts, and visit holy sites. Written accounts recorded the experiences of many pilgrims, such as Faxian, Xuanzang, and Yijing. Though not so numerous as the Chinese pilgrims, Buddhists from Japan, Korea, and other lands also ventured abroad in the interests of spiritual enlightenment.
D
Medieval Europeans did not hit the roads in such large numbers as their Muslim and east Asian counterparts during the early part of the postclassical era, although gradually increasing crowds of Christian pilgrims flowed to Jerusalem, Rome, Santiago de Compostela (in northern Spain), and other sites. After the 12th century, however, merchants, pilgrims, and missionaries from medieval Europe traveled widely and left numerous travel accounts, of which Marco Polo’s description of his travels and sojourn in China is the best known. As they became familiar with the larger world of the eastern hemisphere – and the profitable commercial opportunities that it offered – European peoples worked to find new and more direct routes to Asian and African markets. Their efforts took them not only to all parts of the eastern hemisphere but eventually to the Americas and Oceania as well.
E
If Muslim and Chinese peoples dominated travel writing in postclassical times, European explorers, conquerors, merchants, and missionaries took center stage during the early modern era (about 1500 to 1800 CE). By no means did Muslim and Chinese travel come to a halt in early modern times. But European peoples ventured to the distant corners of the globe, and European printing presses churned out thousands of travel accounts that described foreign lands and peoples for a reading public with an apparently insatiable appetite for news about the larger world. The volume of travel literature was so great that several editors, including Giambattista Ramusio, Richard Hakluyt, Theodore de Bry, and Samuel Purchas, assembled numerous travel accounts and made them available in enormous published collections.
F
During the 19th century, European travelers made their way to the interior regions of Africa and the Americas, generating a fresh round of travel writing as they did so. Meanwhile, European colonial administrators devoted numerous writing to the societies of their colonial subjects, particularly in Asian and African colonies they established. By midcentury, attention was flowing also in the other direction. Painfully aware of the military and technological prowess of European and Euro-American societies, Asian travelers, in particular, visited Europe and the United States in hopes of discovering principles useful for the reorganization of their own societies. Among the most prominent of these travelers who made extensive use of their overseas observations and experiences in their own writing were the Japanese reformer Fukuzawa Yukichi and the Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen.
G
With the development of inexpensive and reliable means of mass transport, the 20th century witnessed explosions both in the frequency of long-distance travel and in the volume of travel writing. While a great deal of travel took place for reasons of business, administration, diplomacy, pilgrimage, and missionary work, as in ages past, increasingly effective modes of mass transport made it possible for new kinds of travel to flourish. The most distinctive of them was mass tourism, which emerged as a major form of consumption for individuals living in the world’s wealthy societies. Tourism enabled consumers to get away from home to see the sights in Rome, take a cruise through the Caribbean, walk the Great Wall of China, visit some wineries in Bordeaux, or go on safari in Kenya. A peculiar variant of the travel account arose to meet the needs of these tourists: the guidebook, which offered advice on food, lodging, shopping, local customs, and all the sights that visitors should not miss seeing. Tourism has had a massive economic impact throughout the world, but other new forms of travel have also had considerable influence in contemporary times. Recent times have seen unprecedented waves of migration, for example, and numerous migrants have sought to record their experiences and articulate their feelings about life in foreign lands. Recent times have also seen an unprecedented development of ethnic consciousness, and many are the intellectuals and writers in the diaspora who have visited the homes of their ancestors to see how much of their forebears’ values and cultural traditions they themselves have inherited. Particularly notable among their accounts are the memoirs of Malcolm X and Maya Angelou describing their visits to Africa.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
What Are Dreams ?
A
Thousands of years ago, dreams were seen as messages from the gods, and in many cultures, they are still considered prophetic. In ancient Greece, sick people slept at the temples of Asclepius, the god of medicine, in order to receive dreams that would heal them. Modern dream science really begins at the end of the 19th century with Sigmund Feud, who theorized that dreams were the expression of unconscious desires often stemming from childhood. He believed that exploring these hidden emotions through analysis could help cure mental illness. The Freudian model of psychoanalysis dominated until the 1970s when new research into the chemistry of the brain showed that emotional problems could have biological or chemical roots, as well as environmental ones. In other words, we weren’t sick just because of something our mothers did (or didn’t do), but because of some imbalance that might be cured with medication.
B
After Freud, the most important event in dream science was the discovery in the early 1950s of a phase of sleep characterized by intense brain activity and rapid eye movement (REM). People awakened in the midst of REM sleep reported vivid dreams, which led researchers to conclude that most dreaming took place during REM. Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers could see that brain activity during REM resembled that of the waking brain. That old them that a lot more was going on at night than anyone had suspected. But what, exactly?
C
Scientists still don’t know for sure, although they have lots of theories. On one side are scientists like Harvard’s Allan Hobson, who believes that dreams are essentially random. In the 1970s, Hobson and his colleague Robert McCarley proposed what they called the “activation-synthesis hypothesis’” which describes how dreams are formed by nerve signals sent out during REM sleep from a small area at the base of the brain called the pons. These signals, the researchers said, activate the images that we call dreams. That put a crimp in dream research; if dreams were meaningless nocturnal firings, what was the point of studying them?
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Adult humans spend about a quarter of their sleep time in REM, much of it dreaming. During that time, the body is essentially paralyzed but the brain is buzzing. Scientists using PET and fMRI technology to watch the dreaming brain have found that one of the most active areas during REM is the limbic system, which controls our emotions. Much less active is the prefrontal cortex, which is associated with logical thinking. That could explain why dreams in REM sleep often lack a coherent storyline (some researchers have also found that people dream in non-REM sleep as well, although those dreams generally are less vivid.) Another active part of the brain in REM sleep is the anterior cingulate cortex, which detects discrepancies. Eric Nofzinger, director of the Sleep Neuroimaging Program at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, thinks that could be why people often figure out thorny problems in their dreams. “As if the brain surveys the internal milieu and tries to figure out what it should be doing, and whether our actions conflict with who we are,” he says.
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These may seem like vital mental functions, but no one has yet been able to say that REM sleep or dreaming is essential to life or even sanity. MAO inhibitors, an older class of antidepressants, essentially block REM sleep without any detectable effects, although people do get a “REM rebound” – extra REM – if they stop the medication. That’s also true of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like Prozac, which reduce dreaming by a third to a half. Even permanently losing the ability to dream doesn’t have to be disabling. Israeli researcher Peretz Lavie has been observing a patient named Yuval Chamtzani, who was injured by a fragment of shrapnel that penetrated his brain when he was 19. As a result, he gets no REM sleep and doesn’t remember any dreams. But Lavie says that Chamtzani, now 55, “is probably the most normal person I know and one of the most successful ones.” He’s a lawyer, a painter and the editor of a puzzle column in a popular Israeli newspaper.
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The mystery of REM sleep is that even though it may not be essential, it is ubiquitous – at least in mammals and birds. But that doesn’t mean all mammals and birds dream (or if they do, they’re certainly not – talking about it). Some researchers think REM may have evolved for physiological reasons. “One thing that’s unique about mammals and birds is that they regulate body temperature”, says neuroscientist Jerry Siegel, director of UCLA’s Center for Sleep Research. “There’s no good evidence that any coldblooded animal has REM sleep.” REM sleep heats up the brain and non-REM cools it off, Siegel says, and that could mean that the changing sleep cycles allow the brain to repair itself. “It seems likely that REM sleep is filling a basic physiological function and that dreams are a kind of epiphenomenon,” Siegel says – an extraneous byproduct; like foam on beer.
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Whatever the function of dreams at night, they clearly can play a role in therapy during the day. The University of Maryland’s Clara Hill, who has studied the use of dreams in therapy, says that dreams are a ‘backdoor’, into a patient’s thinking. “Dreams reveal stuff about you that you didn’t know was there,” she says. The therapists she trains to work with patients’ dreams are, in essence, heirs to Freud, using dream imagery to uncover hidden emotions and feelings. Dreams provide clues to the nature of the more serious mental illness. Schizophrenics, for example, have poor-quality dreams, usually about objects rather than people. “If you’re going to understand human behavior,” says Rosalind Cartwright, a chairman of psychology at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, “here’s a big piece of it. Dreaming is our own storytelling time – to help us know who we are, where we’re going and how we’re going to get there.” Cartwright has been studying depression in divorced men and women, and she is finding that “good dreamers,” people who have vivid dreams with strong storylines, are less likely to remain depressed. She thinks that dreaming helps diffuse strong emotions. “Dreaming is a mental-health activity,” she says.
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The give chart provides Information about the amount of waste produced by company A, company B and company C from 2000 to 2015.
It can be clearly seen that the amount of waste in company C increased while the amount of waste in company A decreased throughout the period.
Looking at the grap in more details, the amount of waste in company A declined moderately to about 9 between 2000 and 2010. There was a slight drop in this at about 8 in 2015. The amount of waste in company B went up sharply from around 8.5 to 10 over the following five years. The company B experienced significant decrease to 3 in 2020.
According the line graph, there was a steep growth in the amount of waste in company C at approximately 6 over a period of 5 years. In the year 2010, company C witnessed minimal rise at nearly 7. This grew markedly to almost 10 between 2010 to 2015.
The three pie charts below show the change in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991 and 2001.
The graphs illustrates the change for a United Kingdom school in the three years in 1981, 1982, and 1983.
Overall, we can clearly observe that over the period expenditure most in staff salaries. However, furniture as well as equipment increased rapidly and drops expenditure on things such as books and workers salaries.
In the three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries,but while other workers salaries say a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% in 2001 . In the three years teachers pay demand the biggest cost reaching 50% total spending in 1991 and ending 45% in 2001.
Expenditure on resources like furniture as well as equipment to 15% by 1981 which increased dramatically to 23 percentage in ending years. Nevertheless, books was 20 proportion in 1991, which significant fall in 2001 from 9 %. The total spending of insurance rose minimally over the period.
More and more people start to succumb for drugs. What the causes of this phenomenon? Gave your solutions for this factor.
On the last time in various countries consuming the drugs becoming increasingly common among youth and adults. In this essay I will try to release the causes of this factor and present some remedies. First of all, it should be noted that approximately whole problems are cause by older generation. They convey misbehavior in form of that they experience necessary feelings to consume smoking either drinking that gradually switch to addiction and based on this younger generation see the pattern after which they succumb to try all of these mentioned above stuffs. Second reason may liie on the TV series, particularly in series such friends or euphoria where drugs mentioned not in less measure. Eventually, the plight retain also in the surrounding of humankind that force to them try such things like drugs to be able fight setbacks in their life individuals believe in refusing from them from this way. I consider the way out of these problems especially lies on the family side. They should have sense of responsibility when they show negative impacts for their children, take care about child mental statement to avoid of such events in the future life. second not less paramount solution is preventing the various illustrations about drugs in the movies that deteriorate right minds of individuals. Certainly people can not influence to fix others, however to beginning with they should to rise to the right way themselves after that no one can be the initiator for your businesses. Consequently, I infer humankind have a capacity to changing and transformation of their own life solely by rejection of the destroying things.
New technologies have changed the way children spend their free time . Do you think the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
In recent years, new technologies like smartphones, tablets and gaming consoles have become ubiquitous , even among children. As a result , the way children spend their leisure time has been drastically altered .While this change has brought about both benefits and drawbacks , I believe that the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages.
On the one hand, it is true that technology has its own downsides when it comes to kids. For instance, excessive screen time has been linked to poor sleep quality, impaired cognitive development , and increased risk of obesity. Children who spend too much time in front of screen may also find it too difficult to engage in other important activities such as sports, socializing with peers , and reading. Moreover, the internet can expose young people to inappropriate content, cyberbullying, and online predators.
On the other hand, there are several advantages to children spending their free time on technology. First and foremost, the use of technology devices can help develop crucial skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, and digital literacy . Many educational apps , games , and videos are available , which can enhance learning and encourage creativity. Additionally, technology provides an opportunity for social connection through online gaming communities, video chatting , and social media platforms. In today's world , where virtual communication has become increasingly important , technology enables children to stay in touch with friends and family who live far away.
In conclusion, while technology has some negative impacts on children's leisure time, its benefits outweigh its drawbacks. As long as parents monitor their children's screen time and ensure they engage in variety of activities , technology can be valuable tool for learning and socializing . Therefore , it is essential for parents and educators to embrace new technologies and encourage their responsible use among children.
Nowadays,more and more technical advertisements are spread around every place all over the world. Due to these developed technologies, most of the companies can advertise their products easier than before. I definitely agree to this point that advertising plays as a crucial role in our social lives.
If we were back to 19th century, not many advertisements were not known much and not as popular as in current time. Take us for example,
the advertisements in that time was very simple such as using only the cartoons charactors,
just encoding the main points for the products and using long theme songs for one advertisements. In the contrary, these ways could not be affected obviously to attract the people's mind to purchase their products. Why it could not be succeeded is that there were few houses owned the televisions for watching such kinds of advertisements.
Compared with such that time, today's system of advertisements are huge different dramatically. For example, the ways of advertisements are not conventional since many websites and social networks are influenced among the people's daliy life.The first point is everything can be chose and purchased smoothly with one touch on screen. Thousands of companies strive to get the high selling targets as much as they can by inserting their ads in social medias, creation their own pages and attracting with more or less amount of giveaways for subscribing their pages. Furthermore, advertising with the top celebrities is one of the ways to penetrate the marketing network. Seventy percents of people obsess about famous top stars so that the advertisements with them are able to influence the people's mind to buy the products which they advertise.The main point is that we can save our precious time by ordering the things we need from home without wasting time and energy. How splendid it is!
Taking all into account, it is more convinced to be one of the top sellers due to these developed technologies such as social networks. May be it was hard to sell even one thing to the customer.
Nevertheless, there is nothing to worry about the new products to be in the hands of the cosumers.
Through many ages, all of the situations and circumstances are transmitted from time to time.
Today many individuals think that children's parents should put restriction on their watching TV and playing video games routine and they should spend more time for read books. I totally agree with this statement because TV and video games are not very useful for children and books on the other hand are highly important for their study.
To begin with playing video games and watching TV are not useful for children because they put bad affect on eyesight as they spend more time on TV and video games. When they watch TV and playing video games, then they do not take food properly and they do not do study properly.For example, in India most three children come from their school they start watching TV and play video games due to this they lost their interest in study.As a result in coma, they cannot complete their study in good grade and they can decrease their eyesight and cannot do work properly in the future.
However, these days books are provide more knowledge to children or any person. Books are very beneficial for children because books are decrease stress and gain knowledge of children. Many type of books such as:. Poetry books, comic books, knowledgeable books, and scientific books are available in the market or libraries . For example, in the foreign country, some children gave preference to read books,they are get knowledge and start their big business in teenage and early settled in their life. Resultantly coma, reading books are very knowledgeable rather than watching TV and playing video games because books provide a discipline and knowledge to children.
In conclusion, children should read books rather than watching TV and playing video games because reading books, give more knowledge to children and watching TV and playing video games are not useful, these waste their precious time. So they can't achieve their goal in their life. If children spend more time on watching TV and playing video games, parents should prevent from this bad habit.
nowadays, children spend their most of time for playing games and no enough time for physical activitiesCurrently, most of the children’s spending thier time in video play on mobile devices and also playing game on computers, because new generation, nowadays they interest in mobile games and aslo playing movies on tv its is not essential for students, so i disagree with that. on the other hand. students who spend their time on physical activities like they playing games on outside and they are mentally and physically fit because, physically activity is more better then spending time on mobile devices.
so,i disagree with that. In my opinion,children spend thier time in physical activities,moreover when they most of time in physical activities they are fully fit and thier health is aslo good.
As we know that, technology has increasing day by day and it has made our life too much easier and comfortable. However, many researchers says that in future all transportation vehicles will be automatic drive and when travelling inside these only passengers without driver. According to me, I think it has some cons and some pros so that before commitment on my opinion I will explain my thought in this essay.
First of all, driverless travelling is a good idea because people can easily reach on their destination without driving and they don’t have trouble in future. Moreover, nowadays many people used to cars, truck and public transportation like bus, so that traffic has also increased and people stuck in traffic jam. In this situation people have to face many difficulties while driving these vehicles but when it will become a driverless people will seat inside car and enjoy with friends and family and they also will not feel bored.
On the other side, it has many drawbacks for human beings such as, many people not interested in this offer because they are not take any risk while travelling in car, truck or buses without driver. Automatic transportation will become riskier for us especially for youngsters. They like to drive faster and with automatic they will want to travelling like a flying. In addition, In my country, many individuals earn money on the basis driving. Therefore, if it become driverless they lost their earring platform.
In conclusion, I believe that it’s disadvantage of driverless vehicles outweigh the advantages because it’s become a riskier and people have to chances to lost their job as a driver.
In this contemporary epoch, it is vehemently true that the extreme amount of traffic have been created difficulties in not only few cities but in globe. The impending paragraphs intends to give a brief explanation of notions along with my personal whim.
Commencing with the paragraph, it reckons that due to extreme traffic jam the utter hustle and bustle have been created on paths. Ironically, it causes a lot of pollution in all over world. Firstly, a huge proportion of chronic disease have became a part of this reason. For instance, health organization inculcate that 85% of fetal disease are occuring due to the pollution cause by traffic. Moreover, accidents is the second major hardship for citizens. There are countless individuals who have lost there kith and kins in road accidents. However, most of the cases happens only because of the huge disturbance or traffic on the main roads and highways.
To conclude, it is a vital problem for all over world . So, individuals should be cooperative and should also give their support in controlling it. In addition to it, if more quicker Government will take these initiative steps than more rapidly the problems and hardships faced by traffic jam will fade.
How can i get my writing part valued?