1. Epidemiology:

   • Definition: The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events and diseases in populations.

2. Outbreak:

   • Definition: The sudden occurrence of a disease in a specific geographic area or population.

3. Pandemic:

   • Definition: An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the global population.

4. Incidence:

   • Definition: The rate of new cases of a disease or health condition occurring in a population during a specific time period.

5. Prevalence:

   • Definition: The total number of cases of a disease or health condition present in a population at a given time.

6. Endemic:

   • Definition: The constant presence or usual prevalence of a disease in a specific geographic area or population.

7. Pathogen:

   • Definition: A microorganism, such as a virus or bacterium, that can cause disease in a host.

8. Vector:

   • Definition: An organism, often an insect or arthropod, that transmits pathogens from one host to another.

9. Zoonotic:

   • Definition: A disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans.

10. Vaccination:

    • Definition: The administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system and prevent specific diseases.

11. Herd Immunity:

    • Definition: A level of immunity in a population that provides protection to unvaccinated individuals due to a decreased likelihood of disease transmission.

12. Health Promotion:

    • Definition: The process of enabling individuals and communities to improve their health and well-being through education and empowerment.

13. Social Determinants of Health:

    • Definition: The social, economic, and environmental factors that influence an individual's health status and access to healthcare.

14. Health Disparities:

    • Definition: Differences in health outcomes between different groups of people, often associated with social or economic disadvantages.

15. Health Equity:

    • Definition: The attainment of the highest level of health for all individuals, regardless of social, economic, or demographic factors.

16. Health Literacy:

    • Definition: The ability of individuals to access, understand, and use health information to make informed decisions about their health.

17. Behavioral Risk Factors:

    • Definition: Habits or actions that increase the likelihood of developing health problems, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, or lack of physical activity.

18. Chronic Disease:

    • Definition: A long-lasting medical condition that generally progresses slowly and requires ongoing management and treatment.

19. Health Surveillance:

    • Definition: The continuous monitoring and collection of health data to identify and respond to health threats and trends.

20. Health Policy:

    • Definition: Decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve specific health goals within a society.

21. Primary Prevention:

    • Definition: Actions taken to prevent the occurrence of a disease or health condition before it happens.

22. Secondary Prevention:

    • Definition: Actions taken to detect and treat a disease or health condition at an early stage to prevent further complications.

23. Tertiary Prevention:

    • Definition: Actions taken to manage and improve the quality of life for individuals with chronic or long-term health conditions.

24. Quarantine:

    • Definition: The isolation of individuals who have been exposed to a contagious disease to prevent its spread.

25. Contact Tracing:

    • Definition: The process of identifying and monitoring individuals who have come into contact with an infected person to prevent further transmission of a disease.

26. Public Health Intervention:

    • Definition: Strategies and measures implemented to improve public health and prevent disease, injury, and disability.

27. Environmental Health:

    • Definition: The branch of public health that focuses on the relationship between people and their environment, including air and water quality, sanitation, and food safety.

28. Health Behavior:

    • Definition: The actions and choices individuals make that impact their health and well-being.

29. Healthcare Access:

    • Definition: The ability of individuals to obtain timely, affordable, and appropriate healthcare services.

30. Global Health:

    • Definition: The study and practice of improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide.

Please note that public health is a vast field with many concepts and aspects, and these terms provide a foundation for discussing and understanding different aspects of public health during the IELTS exam or any healthcare-related conversations.