Reading passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-xi, in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.

1 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph A

2 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph B

3 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph C

4 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph D

5 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph E

6 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph F

7 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph G

8 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxi     Paragraph H

• 1 Answer: x
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  Note: In section 1, you are given two different types of questions: matching heading questions and True/False/Not Given questions. Normally you are recommended to finish the latter first because it takes less time and effort, but due to these questions are in order, we can do T/F/NG questions at the same time as completing matching heading. By doing this you will be able to get the general meaning of the text and this will help you to finish T/F/NG more quickly without locating information twice. The suggestion strategy is as below: Skim and read for gist to grab the main idea of each paragraph. Try to sum up the general meaning of each paragraph in one or two words. Look at the headings and identify keywords within each heading.Then match the general content to one heading that you are sure about. If you cannot find an answer for a question, leave it pending and proceed. Take a quick look at the first question of T/F/NG section to see whether you can complete it or not (for sure, you should read the first two questions, just in case because the first one could be Not Given). Keep in mind that those questions are in order, so as long as the first two questions are still not answered yet, you do not have to read the following questions. For example, paragraph A does not contain any information to answer neither Q9 nor Q10 of T/F/NG part, you can move to paragraph B straight ahead without looking at Q11-Q13. Then while doing matching heading for paragraph B we find out that we can locate the answer for Q9, hence the answers for questions from no.10 to no.13 should be seen at paragraph after B. Repeatedly apply these above steps for other paragraphs   If you find this tip complicated and hard to follow, just finish each part one by one. It’s up to you to decide the sequence of matching heading before T/F/NG or vice versa.
  Keywords in Questions/ Answers	Similar words in Passage
  Q1​:  Paragraph A x: The beginning of an end	It was a message signal-ling the end of the use of Morse code for distress calls in French waters. Since 1992 countries around the world have been decommissioning their Morse equipment with similar (if less poetic) sign-offs, as the world's shipping switches over to a new satellite-based arrangement, the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System.
  Note:   To understand the general idea of a paragraph, you are expected not to read everything but try to skip the text, usually reading the first and the last sentences is enough. But for this article, you have to briefly look at the whole paragraph. The paragraph talked about Morse equipment which had been decommissioned (officially stop being used) worldwide and replaced by a new satellite-based system. Among the given heading, the heading “x: the beginning of an end” is the one suitable for the main content. The answer is x

• 2 Answer: xi
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  Q2: Paragraph B

  Note:   Paragraph B indicated the history of the code. It’s quite hard to identify the main idea of this section and easily get confused to choose which heading suits best. Therefore you can move on and come back later. After you have matched the headings of the rest paragraphs, the answer reveals itself even there are more headings than paragraphs. In this circumstance, the answer is “xi: The move of using code to convey information”. Because in the past, information was transferred by radio operators, then with Morse’s idea, information/messages in code could be conveyed by an electric telegraph. Thus, the final answer should be "xi" Tip: It is noticeable that paragraph B contains information of the answers for Q9 and Q10, you should take no time to finish these two questions even though you have not yet made the final decision of matching heading.

• 3 Answer: iii
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  Q3 Paragraph C: iii: Morse’s invention was developed	Morse later abandoned this scheme and, with the help of an associate, Alfred Vail, devised the Morse alphabet, which could be used to spell out messages a letter at a time in dots and dashes.
  Note: If you only read the very first sentence of this paragraph which compared Morse’s design to his rival design, you would probably get the answer wrong by choosing the statement “i: The advantage of Morse’s invention” as the heading of this section. However, the first sentence talked about how the first Morse’s design was operated, then the last sentence indicated that he changed his mind to abandon his first idea of a number-based code and invented/devised a new alphabet code later. Thus the whole paragraph told readers about how Morse’s invention was developed, we can match C to iii.

• 4 Answer: i
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  Q4: Paragraph D: “i: The advantage of Morse’s invention”	But although this meant that anyone could use it, it also required five wires between telegraph stations. Morses telegraph needed only one. And some people, it soon transpired, had a natural facility for Morse code.
  Note: This paragraph required us to briefly read the whole text to understand its main content because using skim technique did not work for this section. We can see that compared to other telegraphs, Morse’s design was much more simply by using only one needle and one wire (instead of five as others) to send a message. This advantage made Morse’s invention become popular. Heading i suits best with paragraph D. Tip: after reading this paragraph and doing matching heading, you should move to T/F/NG to see whether there is any question could be answered. You might realize that this paragraph contained information to answer Q11 as well.

• 5 Answer: vi
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  Q5:  Paragraph E “vi: Standard and variations”	It was adopted as the European standard in 1851, allowing direct connections between the telegraph networks of different countries [...] By this time Morse code had been revised to allow for accents and other foreign characters, resulting in a split between American and International Morse that continues to this day.
  Note: In order to identify the final answer, you might see yourself considering 03 headings “vi: Standard and variations”; “vii: Application of Morse code in a new technology” and “ix: International expansion of Morse Code”. First off, we can eliminate choice ix because this paragraph did not mention anything related to the expansion of Morse code. It said the code had been divided/split into American Morse code and International version, not international expansion. There is not enough information to confirm a NEW technology had been used to apply Morse code. Paragraph E just indicated how Morse code had been changed/modified/revised to be suitable for other foreign languages. Therefore, heading vii is not a correct answer. At the beginning sentence, we could see that Morse code had been recognized as an European standard and at the end of paragraph E, we knew the code had more than one variation. Thus, we can make a match “E - vi”

• 6 Answer: ii
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  Q6: Paragraph F ii: A suitable job for women	Telegraphy was also deemed suitable work for women. By 1870, a third of the operators in the Western Union office in New York, the largest telegraph office in America, were female.
  Note: After quickly running eyes over the paragraph and all given headings, there are 02 headings left that might sum up the general content of paragraph F: “ii: A suitable job for women” or “v: The emergence of many job opportunities”. According to the article, with the development of Morse code, “a distinct telegraphic sub-culture was emerging” and there were job opportunities for first-class operators in big cities as well as inexperienced operators in rural areas. However, paragraph F did not clarify the number of emerging job opportunities thus we don’t know it’s “many” or not. Furthermore, the last sentence of the paragraph confirmed that telegraphy was suitable for women. With these reasons, the final answer is “ii” For your understanding: “at the bottom of the pile” does not literally mean something located at the bottom of a machine’s pile, it is an idiom implied to the least important position in a society or an organization.

• 7 Answer: ix
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  Q7: Paragraph G: ix: International expansion of Morse Code	By the time of his death in 1872, the world was well and truly wired: more than 650,000 miles of telegraph line and 30,000 miles of submarine cable were throbbing with Morse code; and 20,000 towns and villages were connected to the global network.
  Note: By running eyes over the noticeable statistics in paragraph G, we acknowledged that Morse code had become popular all over the world (“20.000 towns and villages were connected to the global network”). Among all the given headings, statement “ix: international expansion of Morse code” fits the main idea the most. Without doubt, the final answer is ix

• 8 Answer: vii
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  Q8: Paragraph H: vii: Application of Morse code in a new technology	Morse code, however, was about to be given a new lease of life thanks to another new technology: wireless.
  Note:   The first sentence of paragraph H said that Morse code had been come to an end by 1980s and the author also indicated in the last sentence that 20 years later, “Morse radio equipment was commonplace on ships”. Therefore, it is implied that Morse code must have been updated during that time. Briefly looking at the paragraph one more time, we found out it’s wireless technology that made Morse code popular again. Hence the match of “H-vii” is a correct answer.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, write

9 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     Morse had already been famous as an inventor before his invention of Morse code.

10 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     Morse waited a long time before receiving support from the Congress.

11 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     Morse code is difficult to learn compared with other designs.

12 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     Companies and firms prefer to employ telegraphy operators from rural areas.

13 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN     Morse died from overwork.

• 9 Answer: FALSE
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  Q9: Morse had already been famous as an inventor before his invention of Morse code.	At the time Morse Was a painter and occasional inventor, but when another of the ships passengers informed him of recent advances in electrical theory, Morse was suddenly taken with the idea of building an electric telegraph to send messages in codes.
  Note: You should acknowledge the keywords in the statement are “famous as an inventor” and “before”. According to paragraph B, while Morse was on a ship crossing the Atlantic, he came up with the idea of new codes for sending messages. It was clearly said that at that time (or in other words: before he invented Morse code) he was an occasional inventor, not a famous one. We can confirm that the statement is False.

• 10 Answer: TRUE
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  Q10: Morse waited a long time before receiving support from the Congress.	it was 12 years, for example, before he secured money from Congress to build his first telegraph line
  Note: By searching for a particular name of “Congress”, we find out that the answer should be located in paragraph B. In this circumstance, “support from the Congress” should be understood as “money”. In addition, it took Morse such a long time up to 12 years before receiving/securing money from Congress. With this reason, the final answer is True.

• 11 Answer: TRUE
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  Q11: Morse code is difficult to learn compared with other designs.	At first, the need to learn this complicated-looking code made Morses telegraph seem impossibly tricky compared with other, more user-friendly designs, Cookes and Wheatstones telegraph, for example, used five needles to pick out letters on a diamond-shaped grid.
  Note: The first sentence in paragraph D said that Morse code had a complicated looking and was impossibly tricky to learn, whereas other codes had user-friendly designs. Therefore, we can make sure that the statement is True.

• 12 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q12: Companies and firms prefer to employ telegraphy operators from rural areas.

  Note: According to paragraph F, first-class operators usually secured the best-paid jobs in big cities while inexperienced operators were likely to get part-time jobs in rural areas. There is no information about telegraphy operators from the countryside are more preferred by companies/firms thus we can write down “Not given” as the final answer.

• 13 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q13: Morse died from overwork.
  Note: The information about Morse's death was presented in paragraph G but the provided data is not enough to confirm that overwork had caused his death. It can be said that the statement is not given, of course.