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Q1: All living animal can lie. |
deception comes naturally to all living things. |
Note: Considering every details in the question and in the 1st line of the passage, we can conclude that Q1 is confirmed in the passage. Hence, For that reason, the answer is YES |
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Q2: Some people tell lies for self-preservation. |
human beings- who, according to psychologist Gerald Johnson of the University of South California, or lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every 5 minutes- often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can’t get by other means. |
Note: Considering every details in the question and in the passage, we can conclude that Q2 is confirmed in the passage. For that reason, the answer is YES |
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Q3: Scientists have used computers to analyze which part of the brain is responsible for telling lies. |
Researchers are even programming computers – like those used on Lie Detector -to get at the truth by analysing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear |
Note The word "computer" is mentioned 1 time in the whole passage, and even in the sentence including "computer", there is no such thing as "part of the brain". So the answer is NOT GIVEN |
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Q4: Lying as a survival skill is more important than detecting a lie. |
But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. |
Note: Question: Lying (survival skill) is more important than detecting a lie Passage: Lying (survival skill) is as important as detecting a lie (catch deceit) For that reason, the answer is NO |
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Q5: To be a good liar, one has to understand other people's emotions. |
successful liars need to accurately assess other people’s emotional states |
Note: Considering every details in the question and in the passage, we can conclude that Q5 is confirmed in the passage. For that reason, the answer is YES |
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
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Q6: How does the lie detector work? A It detects whether one's emotional state is stable. B It detects one’s brain activity level. C It detects body behavior during one's verbal response. D It analyses one's verbal response word by word. |
they merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. |
Note A. emotional state is stable is non-physical cue B. The content of B is not mentioned in the question D. The content of D is also not mentioned in the question C. The content of C is confirmed in the question. For that reason, C is the answer |
Lie detectors can't be used as evidence in a court of law because
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Q7: Lie detectors can't be used as evidence in a court of law because A Lights often cause lie detectors to malfunction. B They are based on too many verbal and non-verbal clues. C Polygraph tests are often inaccurate. D There may be many causes of certain body behavior. |
Studio are too hot- which is one reason polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. “Good lie detectors don’t rely on a single thing” says Ekma, but interpret clusters of verbal and non-verbal clues that suggest someone might be lying.” |
Note A. The content of A (about lights) is not mentioned in the question (about temperature) B. In question B, the large number of verbal and non-verbal clues is referred to as negative, as the author uses the words "too many". However, in the passage, the author stated that good lie detectors didn't rely on a single thing, and the large number verbal and non-verbal clues had positive meaning. C. The author didn't say anything about the accuracy of polygraph tests D. The content of D is similar to what the author said in the passage. For that reason, D is the answer. |
Why does the author mention the paralyzed patients?
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Q8. Why does the author mention the paralyzed patients? A To demonstrate how a paralyzed patient smiles B To show the relation between true emotions and body behavior C To examine how they were paralyzed D To show the importance of happiness from recovery |
Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that processes emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. |
Note A To demonstrate how a paralyzed patient smiles C To examine how they were paralyzed D To show the importance of happiness from recovery All 3 choices above are only about paralyzed patients, which is irrelevant to the main idea of the whole passage (detecting lies). The author mentions paralyzed patients as an example for the idea "musculature of the face is connected to the areas of the brain that processes emotion". For that reason, B is the answer. |
The author uses politicians to exemplify that they can
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Q9. The author uses politicians to exemplify that they can A Have emotions. B Imitate actors. C Detect other people's lives. D Mask their true feelings. |
Very few people -most notably, actors and politicians- are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions |
Note A. The author didn't mention anything about the possibility of having emotions. B. "Imitate" means copying the action of others, which is also not referred to in the passage. C. The content of C is also irrelevant when compared with the information in the passage. D. To mask their true feelings is a synonym for to control all of their facial expression. For that reason, the answer is D |
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Q10. Inner corners of eyebrows raised |
When someone is truly sad..... and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled up |
Note Pull up is a synonym for raise. According to the passage, the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled up when someone is truly sad. For that reason, the answer is A. sadness |
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Q11. The whole eyebrows lowered |
the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated |
Note In the passage, it is stated that when the whole eyebrow lowered, that person is angry. Therefor, the answer is B. anger |
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Q12. Lines formed around |
A genuine smile ..... the muscle around the eye. |
Note Lines formed around the eye is related to orbicularis oculi - the muscle around eye. Therefore, the answer is C. happiness |
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Q13 Lines formed above eyebrows |
A counterfeit grin can be unmasked ... the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners of their eyebrows don’t go up, Ekmam says, the sadness is probably false |
Note According to the passage: Counterfeit grin is a sign of sadness, the situation in which people's eyebrows are not lowered In case of false sadness, the lowered eyebrows (inner corners of eyebrows don't go up) are a signal. Therefore, the answer is A. sadness |
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators away from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning themselves with strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are not – and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come as no surprise to learn that human beings- who, according to psychologist Gerald Johnson of the University of South California, or lied to about 200 times a day, roughly one untruth every 5 minutes- often deceive for exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they can’t get by other means.
But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled webs- if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can recognise the tell-tale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming computers – like those used on Lie Detector -to get at the truth by analysing the same physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. “With the proper training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies,” says Paul Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the secret art of deception.
In order to know what kind of Lies work best, successful liars need to accurately assess other people’s emotional states. Ackman’s research shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the conflict most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do.
Even high-tech lie detectors don’t detect lies as such; they merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not correspond to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for instance, measure respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to increase when people are nervous – as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conducts electricity. That’s why sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness -about getting caught, perhaps -which makes, in turn, suggest that someone is being economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that the lights in the television. Studio are too hot- which is one reason polygraph tests are inadmissible in court. “Good lie detectors don’t rely on a single thing” says Ekma ,but interpret clusters of verbal and non-verbal clues that suggest someone might be lying.”
The clues are written all over the face. Because the musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that processes emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurological studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke on one side of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person a funny joke, and the patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people -most notably, actors and politicians- are able to consciously control all of their facial expressions. Lies can often be caught when the liars true feelings briefly leak through the mask of deception. We don’t think before we feel, Ekman says. “Expressions tend to show up on the face before we’re even conscious of experiencing an emotion.”
One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake- or conceal, if it’s genuinely felt - is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the forehead wrinkles with grief and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will but almost everybody. “ If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners of their eyebrows don’t go up, Ekmam says, the sadness is probably false.”
The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles -the zygomaticus major muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of the lips- to produce a grin. But there’s a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle around the eye that produces the distinctive “crow’s feet” associated with people who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the corners of the lips go up, the eyes crinkle, but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why the smile looks so strained and stiff.
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