Reading Passage 2 has SEVEN sections, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for sections A-F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-viii.

14 iiiiiiivvviviiviii        Section A

15 iiiiiiivvviviiviii        Section B

16 iiiiiiivvviviiviii        Section C

17 iiiiiiivvviviiviii        Section D

18 iiiiiiivvviviiviii        Section E

19 iiiiiiivvviviiviii        Section F

• 14 Answer: ii
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  Q14. Systematic intelligence-gathering about external cases of plague.	Section A Information on disease outbreak occurring abroad was regularly reported to the tsar’s court through various means, including commercial channels (travelling merchants), military personnel deployed abroad, undercover agents , the network of Imperial Foreign Office embassies and representations abroad, and the customs offices. For instance, the heads of customs offices were instructed to question foreigners entering Russia about possible epidemics of dangerous diseases in their respective countries.
  Note: Intelligence-gathering means the process of collecting information. In section A, the author indicates that the information of disease outbreak was able to  systematically gather through many means such as “commercial channels (travelling merchants), military personnel deployed abroad, undercover agents, the network of Imperial Foreign Office embassies and representations abroad, and the customs offices” to regulate and question people entering Russia  about possible epidemics (plague) of dangerous diseases in their own (respective) countries (external cases of plague). So the correct heading for section A is “ii”.

• 15 Answer: v
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  Q15. Partly successful bans against foreign states affected by plague	Section B If news of an outbreak came from abroad, relations with the affected country were suspended. For instance, foreign vessels were not allowed to dock in Russian ports if there was credible information about the existence of epidemics in countries from whence they had departed. In addition, all foreigners entering Russia from those countries had to undergo quarantine. In 1665, after receiving news about a plague epidemic in England, Tsar Alexei wrote a letter to King Charles II in which he announced the cessation of Russian trade relations with England and other foreign states. These protective measures appeared to have been effective, as the country did not record any cases of plague during that year and in the next three decades. It was not until 1692 that another plague outbreak was recorded in the Russian province of Astrakhan. This epidemic continued for five months and killed 10,383 people, or about 65 percent of the city’s population. By the end of the seventeenth century, preventative measures had been widely introduced in Russia, including the isolation of persons ill with plague, the imposition of quarantines, and the distribution of explanatory public health notices about plague outbreaks.
  Note: In the first half of section B, it is stated that Russian authorities had made many policies to restrict to people from disease-affected countries entering to Russia and even stop trade relations with those nations. Those policies had proven successful in preventing the plague spreading into the country for decades. However, in the second half, there was another plague outbreak occurred in a province of Russia and it had caused a lot of damage to the city’s citizens. All of which means that Russia’s bans are only successful until 1692 but not after this time. So the correct heading for section B is “v”.

• 16 Answer: i
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  Q16. Outbreaks of plague as a result of military campaigns	Section C During the eighteenth century, although none of the occurrences was of the same scale as in the past , plague appeared in Russia several times. [...] After defeating the Swedes in the battle of Poltava in 1709, Tsar Peter I (Peter the Great) dispatched part of his army to Poland, where plague had been raging for two years. [...]During this period, the Russians besieged Riga and, after the Swedes had surrendered the city in 1710, the Russian army lost 9.800 soldiers to the plague. Russian military chronicles of the time note that more soldiers died of the disease after the capture of Riga than from enemy fire during the siege of that city.
  Note The keywords: outbreaks of plague, military campaigns In the beginning of section C, the author indicates that during the 18th century, there were no outbreaks occurring in Russia until 1709 Tsar Peter I sent (dispatched) part of his army to Poland and then Swedes where plague occurred. In 1710, 9800 Russian soldiers have died due to the disease (outbreaks of plague) rather than enemy fire. So So the correct heading for section C is “i”.

• 17 Answer: vii
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  Q17. Various measures to limit outbreaks of plague associated with war	Section D Tsar Peter I imposed strict measures to prevent the spread of plague during these conflicts. Soldiers suspected of being infected were isolated and taken to areas far from military camps. In addition, camps were designed to separate divisions, detachments, and smaller units of soldiers. When plague reached Narva (located in present-day Estonia) and threatened to spread to St. Petersburg, the newly built capital of Russia, Tsar Peter I ordered the army to cordon off the entire boundary along the Luga River, including temporarily halting all activity on the river. In order to prevent the movement of people and goods from Narva to St Petersburg and Novgorod, roadblocks and checkpoints were set up on all roads. The tsar’s orders were rigorously enforced, and those who disobeyed were hung.
  Note In section D, it is mentioned that “Tsar Peter I imposed strict measures (various measures/methods) to prevent (limit) the spread of plague during these conflicts (associated with war)” To support this idea, the author indicates a number of measures that Russian authorities introduced to limit outbreak of plague “Soldiers suspected of being infected were isolated and taken to areas far from military camps”; “camps were designed to separate divisions, detachments, and smaller units of soldiers”; “Tsar Peter I ordered the army to cordon off the entire boundary along the Luga River, including temporarily halting all activity on the river”; “roadblocks and checkpoints were set up on all roads”. So the correct heading for section D is “vii”.

• 18 Answer: iv
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  Q18. The general limitations of early Russian anti-plague measures	Section E However, although the Russian authorities applied such methods to contain the spread of the disease and limit the number of victims, all of the measures had a provisional character: they were intended to respond to a specific outbreak, and were not designed as a coherent set of measures to be implemented systematically at the first sign of plague. The advent of such a standard response system came a few years later.
  Note It is stated in section E that “all of the measures had a provisional character: they were intended to respond to a specific outbreak and were not designed as a coherent set of measures to be implemented systematically at the first sign of plague.” This means that all of the early methods that Russian authorities applied to prevent plague had a provisional (temporary) character and were intended to deal with a present outbreak rather than designed as a well-planned (coherent) set of measures to prevent plague at the first place. So the correct heading for section E is “iv”.

• 19 Answer: viii
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  Q19 The formulation and publication of preventive strategies	Section F The first attempts to organise procedures and carry out proactive steps to control plague date to the aftermath of the 1727- 1728 epidemic in Astrakhan . In response to this, the Russian imperial authorities issued several decrees aimed at controlling the future spread of plague.
  Note In section F, it is mentioned that after the epidemic occurring in Astrakhan (city of Russia) between 1727 and 1728, the Russian authorities made an effort to carry out proactive steps to control plague (the formulation of preventive strategies) through issuing several decrees (policies) such as the ‘Instructions for Governors and Heads of Townships’, “The houses of infected persons were to be burned along with all of the personal property they contained, including farm animals and cattle”. So the correct heading for section F is “viii”.

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

Write

27 YESNONOT GIVEN     If a majority of scientists at the CRU were cleared of misconduct, the public would be satisfied.

28 YESNONOT GIVEN     In the aftermath of the CRU scandal, most scientists avoided attention.

29 YESNONOT GIVEN     Journalists have defended the CRU and the IPCC against their critics.

30 YESNONOT GIVEN     Ralph Cicerone regarded the damage caused by the CRU as extending beyond the field of climate science.

31 YESNONOT GIVEN     Since 2010, confidence in climate science has risen slightly in the US.

32 YESNONOT GIVEN     Climate scientists should take professional advice on regaining public confidence.

• 27 Answer: NO
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  Q27 If a majority of scientists at the CRU were cleared of misconduct, the public would be satisfied.	Even if the claims of misconduct and incompetence were eventually proven to be largely untrue, or confined to a few individuals, the damage was done. The perceived wrongdoings of a few people had raised doubts about the many.
  Note The extract of the first paragraph above states that even if a majority of scientists at the CRU were cleared of misconduct, the damage was done and the perceived wrongdoings had made the public raise doubts about many other scientific results but satisfy. The statement of question Q27 contrasts with the text, so the answer is NO.

• 28 Answer: YES
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  Q28 In the aftermath of the CRU scandal, most scientists avoided attention.	The response of most climate scientists was to cross their fingers and hope for the best, and they kept a low profile.
  Note ‘Keep a low profile’ means to avoid attracting attention to yourself From the explanation above we can see that the first sentence of paragraph 2 has the same meaning to the statement of question 28. So the answer is YES.

• 29 Answer: NO
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  Q29 Journalists have defended the CRU and the IPCC against their critics.	Many no doubt hoped that subsequent independent inquiries into the IPCC and CRU would draw a line under their problems. However, although these were likely to help, they were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics.
  Note Quickly scan the keyword “the CRU and the IPCC” to locate the right part of the text containing the answer. At the bottom of paragraph 2 the author writes “However, although these were likely to help, they (the CRU and the IPCC) were unlikely to undo the harm caused by months of hostile news reports and attacks by critics”. This means that journalists not only have not defended the CRU and the IPCC but also criticized them for months. The statement of question 29 is clearly contrasted to the text, so the answer is NO.

• 30 Answer: YES
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  Q30 Ralph Cicerone regarded the damage caused by the CRU as extending beyond the field of climate science.	He concluded that ‘the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole.
  Note Quickly scan the keyword “Ralph Cicerone” to locate the right part of the text containing the answer. At the bottom of paragraph 3, the author mentions Ralph Cicerone’s conclusion “the perceived misbehavior of even a few scientists can diminish the credibility of science as a whole”. This means that the wrongdoings of few scientists at the CRU  the damage caused by the CRU) not only can reduce the credibility of climate subject but also other fields of science. So the answer is YES.

• 31 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q31 Since 2010, confidence in climate science has risen slightly in the US.	An opinion poll taken at the beginning of 2010 found that the proportion of people in the US who trust scientists as a source of information about global warming had dropped from 83 percent, in 2008, to 74 percent.
  Note Quickly scan the keyword “2010, US” to locate the right part of the text containing the answer. In paragraph 4 the writer does mention that at the beginning of 2010 the number of people in the US who trust scientists working on global warming issue had dropped but there is no information given about climate science. Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

• 32 Answer: YES
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  Q32 Climate scientists should take professional advice on regaining public confidence.	In fact, climate science needs professional help to rebuild its reputation
  Note From the first sentence of paragraph 6 extracted above, we can see that it is paraphrased into the statement of question 32 with the same meaning. Therefore, the answer is YES.