Complete each sentence with the correct ending A - K from the box below.

Write the correct letter A - K in spaces 14-20 below.

14 ABCDEFGHIJK Colour blindness can be caused by a birth defect, or

15 ABCDEFGHIJK Surprisingly, some people who are colour blind

16 ABCDEFGHIJK People with hereditary colour blindness

17 ABCDEFGHIJK Because of our genetic make-up, colour blindness

18 ABCDEFGHIJK Red-green genetic photoreceptor disorders mean that people

19 ABCDEFGHIJK People with monochromacy

20 ABCDEFGHIJK The inability to see certain lights

• 14 Answer: H
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  Q14: Colour blindness can be caused by a birth defect, or ____	2. There are many types of colour blindness. When there are deficiencies in the cones, either at birth or acquired in other ways, the cones are not able to distinguish the particular wavelengths and thus, that colour range is seen differently. Those with defective colour vision have a deficiency or absence in one or more of the pigments. People with a deficiency in one of the pigments (the most common type of colour vision problem) are called anomalous trichromats. When one of the cone pigments is absent and colour is reduced to two dimensions, dichromacy occurs. These individuals normally know they have a colour vision problem and it can affect their lives on a daily basis. They see no perceptible difference between red, orange, yellow, and green. All these colours that seem so different to the normal viewer appear to them to be the same colour. Missing the cones responsible for green and red hues can also affect the sensitivity to brightness.
  Note: - Quickly skimming the whole passage, the author mentions something about ‘birth defect’ in paragraph 2. - In the first sentence of this paragraph, the author gives the information that color blindness cause be caused early at birth (also means people ‘inherited’ from their parents) or ‘acquired’ - So we can conclude that the answer is H. can be acquired or inherited

• 15 Answer: F
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  Q15: Surprisingly, some people who are colour blind ____	6 Colour vision problems can have a significant impact on a person's life, learning abilities and career choices. On an everyday basis, there are some annoyances and frustrations: not being able to differentiate between green or ripe tomatoes when preparing food, for example, or buying clothes that to the 'normal' eye seem positively garish. However, people with colour vision problems usually learn to compensate for their inability to see colours. Although there is little or no treatment for colour blindness, most colour deficient persons compensate well for their defect and may even discover instances in which they can discern details and images that would escape normal-sighted persons. At one time the US Army found that colour-blind persons can spot camouflage colours in cases where those with normal colour vision are typically fooled.
  Note: - In paragraph 5, it is stated that color vision problems can have a significant impact on a person’s life, but people with colour vision problems usually learn to compensate for their inability to see colours. This means that people with color blindness can have different ability. For example, they can spot camouflage colours in cases where those with normal colour vision are typically fooled. - Therefore, we can conclude that the answer is F. can see things that people with normal vision cannot * discern (v) = notice or understand something by thinking about it carefully * camouflage (n) a way of hiding sth, especially in soldiers and military equipment, by using paints, leaves to make it look like the things around it * spot (v): notice sb or sth, especially when they are difficult to see or recognize

• 16 Answer: B
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  Q16: People with hereditary colour blindness____	3 Most cases of colour blindness, about 99%, are inherited, resulting from partial or complete loss of function in one or more of the different cone systems and affect both eyes without worsening over time. The most common are red-green hereditary (genetic) photoreceptor disorders collectively referred to as "red-green colorblindness". It affects 8% of all males of European origin and 0.4% of all females. The gene for this is carried in the X chromosome. Since males have an X-Y pairing and females have X-X, colour blindness can occur much more easily in males and is typically passed to them by their mothers. In other words, females may be carriers of colour blindness, but males are more commonly affected. People with this disorder cannot identify red or green by itself but can if among a coloured group. Other forms of colour blindness are much more rare. They include problems in discriminating blues from yellows. Both colours are seen as white or grey. This disorder occurs with equal frequency in men and women and usually accompanies certain other physical disorders, such as liver disease or diabetes.
  Note: - To answer this question, you should pay attention to ‘ting ting’ words (‘ting ting’ words are proper nouns, statistics, and synonyms). - In this question, ‘ting ting’ word is hereditary (scientific name). By finding this ‘ting ting’ word, you can easily locate the needed information to answer this Question. - The answer for this question can be found in the second sentence of paragraph 3 - Considering everything, the answer is B. cannot be treated by surgery

• 17 Answer: C
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  Q17: Because of our genetic make-up, colour blindness ____		3 Most cases of colour blindness, about 99%, are inherited, resulting from partial or complete loss of function in one or more of the different cone systems and affect both eyes without worsening over time. The most common are red-green hereditary (genetic) photoreceptor disorders collectively referred to as "red-green colorblindness". It affects 8% of all males of European origin and 0.4% of all females. The gene for this is carried in the X chromosome. Since males have an X-Y pairing and females have X-X, colour blindness can occur much more easily in males and is typically passed to them by their mothers. In other words, females may be carriers of colour blindness, but males are more commonly affected. People with this disorder cannot identify red or green by itself but can if among a coloured group. Other forms of colour blindness are much more rare. They include problems in discriminating blues from yellows. Both colours are seen as white or grey. This disorder occurs with equal frequency in men and women and usually accompanies certain other physical disorders, such as liver disease or diabetes.
  Note: - Luckily, you have answered Q17 by reading paragraph 3. In paragraph 3, you know that ‘hereditary’ also means ‘genetic’ - Applying the same technique you have used in Q17, by searching for the key word ‘genetic’, the answer can be found in paragraph 3 - Considering every given option, we can conclude that the answer is C. can affect men much more easily than women

• 18 Answer: J
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  Q18: Red-green genetic photoreceptor disorders mean that people____	3 Most cases of colour blindness, about 99%, are inherited, resulting from partial or complete loss of function in one or more of the different cone systems and affect both eyes without worsening over time. The most common are red-green hereditary (genetic) photoreceptor disorders collectively referred to as "red-green colorblindness". It affects 8% of all males of European origin and 0.4% of all females. The gene for this is carried in the X chromosome. Since males have an X-Y pairing and females have X-X, colour blindness can occur much more easily in males and is typically passed to them by their mothers. In other words, females may be carriers of colour blindness, but males are more commonly affected. People with this disorder cannot identify red or green by itself but can if among a coloured group. Other forms of colour blindness are much more rare. They include problems in discriminating blues from yellows. Both colours are seen as white or grey. This disorder occurs with equal frequency in men and women and usually accompanies certain other physical disorders, such as liver disease or diabetes.
  Note: - This question also asks the reader about red-green genetic. So, the answer can easily be found in paragraph 3 (You may realize that you can locate the answer for this Qs easily thanks to having done Qs 16, 17) - Reading carefully paragraph 3 again and pay attention to the highlighted keywords as well as all the given information in this paragraph, we can conclude that the answer for Qs 18 is J. cannot distinguish certain colours if they stand alone (the sentence containing the answer for this Qs is highlighted yellow)

• 19 Answer: E
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  Q19: People with monochromacy____	4 The rarest form of all is total colour blindness, monochromacy, where one can only see grey or shades of black, grey and white as in a black-and-white film or photograph. Monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and colour and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension. Another term for total colour blindness is achromatopsia, the inability to see colour.
  Note: - Answers can be in the same order they appear in the text: the answer for Q18 is in paragraph 3; therefore, the answer for Q19 should be in the following paragraph - We find that the given information in Q19 can be found in paragraph 4. You can easily locate the needed information to find out the answer by searching for the word ‘monochromacy’ - The yellow highlighted key phrases can lead to your final conclusion to this question - So the answer is E. can see no colour at all, other than shades of black, grey and white

• 20 Answer: G
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  Q20: The inability to see certain lights____	5 Inherited colour vision problems cannot be treated or corrected. Some acquired colour vision problems can be treated with surgery, such as the removal of a cataract, depending on the cause. Certain types of tinted filters and contact lenses may also help an individual to distinguish different colours better. Additionally, computer software has been developed to assist those with visual colour difficulties and those with mild colour deficiencies to learn to associate colours with certain objects and are usually able to identify colour in the same way as everyone else. One frequent problem encountered is with traffic lights, and worst of all, warning lights: colour-blind people always know the position of the colours on the traffic light - in most situations; red on top, yellow in the centre, green on the bottom. But warning lights present an entirely different problem. In this situation there is only one light; no top or bottom, no right or left, just one light that is either red or yellow.
  Note: - Answers can be in the same order they appear in the text: the answer for Q19 is in paragraph 4; therefore, the answer for Q20 should be in the following paragraph - The given information in Q20 can be found in paragraph 4. You can easily locate the needed information for the answer by searching for the word ‘light’ - The yellow highlighted key phrases can lead to your final conclusion to this question - So the answer is G. can have very dangerous consequences for colour-blind people.