Answer Keys:
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 TRUE
- 2 TRUE
- 3 FALSE
- 4 FALSE
- 5 NOT GIVEN
- 6 NOT GIVEN
- 7 FALSE
- 8 NOT GIVEN
- 9 pointed north
- 10 on his own
- 11 B
- 12 A
- 13 B
Answer Keys
- 1 TRUE
- 2 TRUE
- 3 FALSE
- 4 FALSE
- 5 NOT GIVEN
- 6 NOT GIVEN
- 7 FALSE
- 8 NOT GIVEN
- 9 pointed north
- 10 on his own
- 11 B
- 12 A
- 13 B
Part 2: Question 14 - 26
- 14 A
- 15 F
- 16 E
- 17 G
- 18 C
- 19 D
- 20 B
- 21 TRUE
- 22 FALSE
- 23 TRUE
- 24 FALSE
- 25 NOT GIVEN
- 26 NOT GIVEN
Answer Keys
- 14 A
- 15 F
- 16 E
- 17 G
- 18 C
- 19 D
- 20 B
- 21 TRUE
- 22 FALSE
- 23 TRUE
- 24 FALSE
- 25 NOT GIVEN
- 26 NOT GIVEN
Part 3: Question 27 - 40
- 27 TRUE
- 28 TRUE
- 29 FALSE
- 30 TRUE
- 31 NOT GIVEN
- 32 FALSE
- 33 NOT GIVEN
- 34 FALSE
- 35 D
- 36 B
- 37 B
- 38 A
- 39 D
- 40 D
Answer Keys
- 27 TRUE
- 28 TRUE
- 29 FALSE
- 30 TRUE
- 31 NOT GIVEN
- 32 FALSE
- 33 NOT GIVEN
- 34 FALSE
- 35 D
- 36 B
- 37 B
- 38 A
- 39 D
- 40 D
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
For questions 1-8, write:
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
1 The general theory of relativity is a very important theory in modern physics.
2 Einstein had such difficulty with language that those around him thought he would never learn how to speak.
3 It seemed to Einstein that nothing could be pushing the needle of the compass around except the wind.
4 Einstein enjoyed the teaching methods in Switzerland.
5 Einstein taught himself how to play the violin.
6 His daughter died of schizophrenia when she was two.
7 The existence of a daughter only became known to the world between 1897 and 1903.
8 In 1933 Einstein moved to the United States where he became an American citizen.
- 1 Answer: TRUE
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Q1: The general theory of relativity is a very important theory in modern physics.
He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 and his theories of special and general relativity are of great importance to many branches of physics and astronomy.
Note: It is mentioned in the paragraph 1 that "his theories of special and general relativity are of great importance to many branches of physics and astronomy", we should notice that "of great importance" is other way of saying "important" and "branches of physics" is similar to physics. Therefore, the answer for Q1 is TRUE.
- 2 Answer: TRUE
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Q2: Einstein had such difficulty with language that those around him thought he would never learn how to speak.
It is well documented that Einstein did not begin speaking until after the age of three. In fact, he found speaking so difficult that his family were worried that he would never start to speak.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 2 that "Einstein did not begin speaking until after the age of three", it means he had such difficulty with language and "his family were worried that he would never start to speak" means those around him thought he would never learn how to speak. Therefore, the answer for Q2 is TRUE.
- 3 Answer: FALSE
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Q3:It seemed to Einstein that nothing could be pushing the needle of the compass around except the wind.
He wanted to understand why the needle always pointed north whichever way he turned the compass. It looked as if the needle was moving itself. But the needle was inside a closed case, so no other force (such as the wind) could have been moving it
Note: It is mentioned in line 6,7,8 and 9 of paragraph 3 that "the needle was inside a closed case, so no other force ( such as the wind) could have moving it", which is contrasted to the statement that the needle was pushed by the wind. Therefore, the answer for Q3 is FALSE.
- 4 Answer: FALSE
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Q4:Einstein enjoyed the teaching methods in Switzerland.
At fifteen, he went to school in Munich which he found very boring. he finished secondary school in Aarau, Switzerland and entered the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich from which he graduated in 1900.
Note: It is mentioned in line 2,3,4 and 5 of paragraph 4 that "At fifteen, he went to school in Munich which he found very boring. he finished secondary school in Aarau, Switzerland" and "school" is similar to "teaching methods", which means he found school in Sweatherland is boring, this is contrasted to the statement that he enjoyed the teaching methods there. Therefore,the answer for Q4 is FALSE.
- 5 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q5:Einstein taught himself how to play the violin.
He often missed classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to play the violin instead.
Note: Line 6 and 7 of paragraph 4 say that he played violin but do not refer that "he taught himself to play". Therefore, the answer for Q5 is NOT GIVEN.
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q6: His daughter died of schizophrenia when she was two.
His daughter (whose name we do not know) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902. She was looked after by her Serbian grandparents until she died at the age of two. It is generally believed that she died from scarlet fever but there are those who believe that she may have suffered from a disorder known as Down Syndrome. But there is not enough evidence to know for sure.
Note: it is mentioned in the first six lines of paragraph 5 that his daughter "died at the age of two", however the reason is unkhown: "But there is not enough evidence to know for sure". Therefore, the answer for Q6 is NOT GIVEN.
- 7 Answer: FALSE
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Q7:The existence of a daughter only became known to the world between 1897 and 1903.
In fact, no one even knew that she had existed until Einstein's granddaughter found 54 love letters that Einstein and Mileva had written to each other between 1897 and 1903.
Note: it is mentioned in line 7,8,9 and 10 of paragraph 5 that "between 1897 and 1903" was the time the letters, which were evidence for "the existence of the daughter", were written, it is not the time we know "she had existed". Therefore, the answer for Q7 is FALSE.
- 8 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q8: In 1933 Einstein moved to the United States where he became an American citizen.
But in 1933, following death threats from the Nazis, he moved to the United States, where he died on 18th April 1955.
Note: it is mentioned at the end of the last paragraph that he died in United States, but not mentioned that there is "where he became an American citizen". Therefore, the answer for Q8 is NOT GIVEN.
Questions 9-10
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.
He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always 9
He often did not go to classes and used the time to study physics 10 or to play music.
- 9 Answer: pointed north
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Q9:He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always......
He wanted to understand why the needle always pointed north whichever way he turned the compass.
Note: We can infer from the question that the answer is a verb or a verb phrase that shows the state of the needle. It is mentioned in the line 6 paragraph 3 that "the needle always pointed north". Therefore, the answer for Q9 is POINTED NORTH.
- 10 Answer: on his own
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Q10:He often did not go to classes and used the time to study physics......
or to play music.
He often missed classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to play the violin instead.
Note: it is mentioned in line 6 and 7 of paragraph 4 that he "missed classes", which means he "did not go to classes" and says that he "study physics on his own". Therefore, the answer for Q10 is ON HIS OWN.
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
The name of Einstein's daughter
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q11:The name of Einstein's daughter | His daughter (whose name we do not know) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902. |
Note: it is mentioned that the name of his daughter is unknown, which is similar to "a mistery". Therefore, the answer for Q11 is B. | |
His teachers would not recommend him for a university position because
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q12:His teachers would not recommend him for a university position because | His teachers did not have a good opinion of him and refused to recommend him for a university position. |
Note: It is mentioned in line 9 and 10 of paragraph 4 that his teachers "refused to recommend him for a university position" and this is because they "did not have a good opinion of him", which is similar to "did not think highly of him". Therefore, the answer for Q12 is A. | |
The famous physicist Albert Einstein was of
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13:The famous physicist Albert Einstein was of.....origin. | His family was Jewish but he had not been very religious in his youth although he became very interested in Judaism in later life. |
Note: It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that "his family was Jewish". Therefore, the answer for Q13 is B. | |
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Tips for improving your ielts score
Review & Explanations:
Questions 1-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
For questions 1-8, write:
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
1 The general theory of relativity is a very important theory in modern physics.
2 Einstein had such difficulty with language that those around him thought he would never learn how to speak.
3 It seemed to Einstein that nothing could be pushing the needle of the compass around except the wind.
4 Einstein enjoyed the teaching methods in Switzerland.
5 Einstein taught himself how to play the violin.
6 His daughter died of schizophrenia when she was two.
7 The existence of a daughter only became known to the world between 1897 and 1903.
8 In 1933 Einstein moved to the United States where he became an American citizen.
- 1 Answer: TRUE
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Q1: The general theory of relativity is a very important theory in modern physics.
He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 and his theories of special and general relativity are of great importance to many branches of physics and astronomy.
Note: It is mentioned in the paragraph 1 that "his theories of special and general relativity are of great importance to many branches of physics and astronomy", we should notice that "of great importance" is other way of saying "important" and "branches of physics" is similar to physics. Therefore, the answer for Q1 is TRUE.
- 2 Answer: TRUE
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Q2: Einstein had such difficulty with language that those around him thought he would never learn how to speak.
It is well documented that Einstein did not begin speaking until after the age of three. In fact, he found speaking so difficult that his family were worried that he would never start to speak.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 2 that "Einstein did not begin speaking until after the age of three", it means he had such difficulty with language and "his family were worried that he would never start to speak" means those around him thought he would never learn how to speak. Therefore, the answer for Q2 is TRUE.
- 3 Answer: FALSE
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Q3:It seemed to Einstein that nothing could be pushing the needle of the compass around except the wind.
He wanted to understand why the needle always pointed north whichever way he turned the compass. It looked as if the needle was moving itself. But the needle was inside a closed case, so no other force (such as the wind) could have been moving it
Note: It is mentioned in line 6,7,8 and 9 of paragraph 3 that "the needle was inside a closed case, so no other force ( such as the wind) could have moving it", which is contrasted to the statement that the needle was pushed by the wind. Therefore, the answer for Q3 is FALSE.
- 4 Answer: FALSE
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Q4:Einstein enjoyed the teaching methods in Switzerland.
At fifteen, he went to school in Munich which he found very boring. he finished secondary school in Aarau, Switzerland and entered the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich from which he graduated in 1900.
Note: It is mentioned in line 2,3,4 and 5 of paragraph 4 that "At fifteen, he went to school in Munich which he found very boring. he finished secondary school in Aarau, Switzerland" and "school" is similar to "teaching methods", which means he found school in Sweatherland is boring, this is contrasted to the statement that he enjoyed the teaching methods there. Therefore,the answer for Q4 is FALSE.
- 5 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q5:Einstein taught himself how to play the violin.
He often missed classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to play the violin instead.
Note: Line 6 and 7 of paragraph 4 say that he played violin but do not refer that "he taught himself to play". Therefore, the answer for Q5 is NOT GIVEN.
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q6: His daughter died of schizophrenia when she was two.
His daughter (whose name we do not know) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902. She was looked after by her Serbian grandparents until she died at the age of two. It is generally believed that she died from scarlet fever but there are those who believe that she may have suffered from a disorder known as Down Syndrome. But there is not enough evidence to know for sure.
Note: it is mentioned in the first six lines of paragraph 5 that his daughter "died at the age of two", however the reason is unkhown: "But there is not enough evidence to know for sure". Therefore, the answer for Q6 is NOT GIVEN.
- 7 Answer: FALSE
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Q7:The existence of a daughter only became known to the world between 1897 and 1903.
In fact, no one even knew that she had existed until Einstein's granddaughter found 54 love letters that Einstein and Mileva had written to each other between 1897 and 1903.
Note: it is mentioned in line 7,8,9 and 10 of paragraph 5 that "between 1897 and 1903" was the time the letters, which were evidence for "the existence of the daughter", were written, it is not the time we know "she had existed". Therefore, the answer for Q7 is FALSE.
- 8 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q8: In 1933 Einstein moved to the United States where he became an American citizen.
But in 1933, following death threats from the Nazis, he moved to the United States, where he died on 18th April 1955.
Note: it is mentioned at the end of the last paragraph that he died in United States, but not mentioned that there is "where he became an American citizen". Therefore, the answer for Q8 is NOT GIVEN.
Questions 9-10
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.
He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always 9
He often did not go to classes and used the time to study physics 10 or to play music.
- 9 Answer: pointed north
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Q9:He tried hard to understand how the needle could seem to move itself so that it always......
He wanted to understand why the needle always pointed north whichever way he turned the compass.
Note: We can infer from the question that the answer is a verb or a verb phrase that shows the state of the needle. It is mentioned in the line 6 paragraph 3 that "the needle always pointed north". Therefore, the answer for Q9 is POINTED NORTH.
- 10 Answer: on his own
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Q10:He often did not go to classes and used the time to study physics......
or to play music.
He often missed classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to play the violin instead.
Note: it is mentioned in line 6 and 7 of paragraph 4 that he "missed classes", which means he "did not go to classes" and says that he "study physics on his own". Therefore, the answer for Q10 is ON HIS OWN.
Questions 11-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
The name of Einstein's daughter
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11:The name of Einstein's daughter | His daughter (whose name we do not know) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902. |
Note: it is mentioned that the name of his daughter is unknown, which is similar to "a mistery". Therefore, the answer for Q11 is B. | |
His teachers would not recommend him for a university position because
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12:His teachers would not recommend him for a university position because | His teachers did not have a good opinion of him and refused to recommend him for a university position. |
Note: It is mentioned in line 9 and 10 of paragraph 4 that his teachers "refused to recommend him for a university position" and this is because they "did not have a good opinion of him", which is similar to "did not think highly of him". Therefore, the answer for Q12 is A. | |
The famous physicist Albert Einstein was of
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13:The famous physicist Albert Einstein was of.....origin. | His family was Jewish but he had not been very religious in his youth although he became very interested in Judaism in later life. |
Note: It is mentioned in paragraph 2 that "his family was Jewish". Therefore, the answer for Q13 is B. | |
Questions 14-20
The text has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 14-20.
14 a short summary of the main points of the text
15 a variety of methods used for water filtration
16 making it easier for the body to get rid of dangerous chemicals
17 finding out which contaminants your water filter should target
18 allergies caused by dangerous metals
19 a dangerous metal found in the plumbing of old buildings
20 chemicals of cleaning products that destroy bacteria
- 14 Answer: A
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Q14: a short summary of the main points of the text.
The body is made up mainly of water. This means that the quality of water that we drink every day has an important effect on our health. Filtered water is healthier than tap water and some bottled water. This is because it is free of contaminants, that is, of substances that make it dirty or harmful. Substances that settle on the bottom of a glass of tap water and microorganisms that carry diseases (known as bacteria or germs) are examples of contaminants. Filtered water is also free of poisonous metals and chemicals that are common in tap water and even in some bottled water brands.
Note: It is mentioned in paragraph that the quality of water has an effect on health, filter water is free of contaminants, poisonous metals and chemicals; tap water carries diseases. These are main points of the text. Therefore, the answer for Q14 is A.
- 15 Answer: F
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Q15: a variety of methods used for water filtration
There are many different ways to filter water and each type of filter targets different contaminants. For example, activated carbon water filters are very good at taking chlorine out. Ozone water filters, on the other hand, are particularly effective at removing germs.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph F that "there are many different ways to filter water", which means "methods used for water filtration", and they are "activated carbon water filters" and "ozone water filters". Therefore, the answer for Q15 is F.
- 16 Answer: E
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Q16: making it easier for the body to get rid of dangerous chemicals
We all know, for example, that it helps to detoxify the body.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of papragraph E that "it helps detoxify the body", the term "detoxify" means "get rid of dangerous chemicals". Therefore, the answer for Q16 is E.
- 17 Answer: G
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Q17:finding out which contaminants your water filter should target
If you know what these contaminants are, then it is easier to decide which type of water filter to get.
Note: It is mentioned at the end of paragraph G that" If you know what these contaminants are, then it is easier to decide which type of water filter to get", know is similar to finding out and "decide which type of water filter to get" is similar to "target". Therefore, the answer for Q17 is G.
- 18 Answer: C
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Q18: allergies caused by dangerous metals
Scientists believe there is a connection between mercury in the water and many allergies and cancers as well as disorders, such as ADD, OCD, autism and depression.
Note: it is mentioned at the end of paragpragh C that "there is a connection between mercury in the water and many allergies", murcury is one kind of dangerous metals. Therefore, the answer for Q18 is C.
- 19 Answer: D
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Q19:a dangerous metal found in the plumbing of old buildings
Of course, modern pipes are not made of lead but pipes in old houses usually are.
Note: It is mentioned in sentence 2 of paragraph D that "pipes in old house are made of lead", pipes means plumping, houses is similar to buildings and lead is one kind of dangerous metal. Therefore, the answer for Q19 is D.
- 20 Answer: B
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Q20:chemicals of cleaning products that destroy bacteria
The authorities know that normal tap water is full of contaminants and they use chemicals, such as chlorine and bromine in order to disinfect it.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph B that "they use chemicals, such as chlorine and bromine in order to disinfect it", the verb " disinfect" means cleaning. Therefore, the answer for Q20 is B.
Questions 21-26
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
For questions 21-26, write:
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
21 The type of water you consume on a regular basis has a great impact on your overall health and wellness.
22 Filtered water typically contains water disinfectant chemicals.
23 Exposure to disinfectant chemicals is linked with poisoning of the vital organs.
24 Drinking tap water helps minimise your exposure to harmful elements.
25 People wearing artificial teeth are more likely to be contaminated.
26 People who are depressed often suffer from dehydration.
- 21 Answer: TRUE
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Q21:The type of water you consume on a regular basis has a great impact on your overall health and wellness
This means that the quality of water that we drink every day has an important effect on our health.
Note: It is mentioned in the sentence 2 of paragraph A that "the quality of water that we drink every day has an important effect on health". Therefore, the answer for Q21 is TRUE.
- 22 Answer: FALSE
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Q22:.Filtered water typically contains water disinfectant chemicals.
Filtered water is typically free of such water disinfectant chemicals.
Note: It is mentioned at the end of paragraph B that filtered water is free of disfectant chemicals, which is contrasted to the statement that filter water contains those. Therefore,the answer for Q22 is FALSE.
- 23 Answer: TRUE
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Q23:Exposure to disinfectant chemicals is linked with poisoning of the vital organs.
For example, consuming bromine for a long time may result in low blood pressure, which may then bring about poisoning of the brain, heart, kidneys and liver.
Note: It is mentioned in line 6,7 and 8 of paragraph B that "consuming bromine" bring about "poisoning of the brain, heart, kidneys and liver", "consuming" is similar to "exposure", "bromine" is one kind of 'disinfectant chemicals" and "brain, heart, kidneys and liver" are "vital organs". Therefore, the answer for Q23 is TRUE.
- 24 Answer: FALSE
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Q24:Drinking tap water helps minimise your exposure to harmful elements.
Filtered water is also free of poisonous metals and chemicals that are common in tap water and even in some bottled water brands.
Note: it is mentioned at the end of paragraph A that "poisonous metals and chemicals" are common in tap water, so drinking tap water could not minimise your exposure to "harmful elements". Therefore, the answer for Q24 is FALSE.
- 25 Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 26 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Questions 27-34
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?
For questions 27-34, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
27 Fillers are usually expressed as pauses and probably have no linguistic meaning although they may have a purpose.
28 In general, fillers vary across cultures.
29 Fillers are uncommon in everyday language.
30 American men use ‘uh’ more than American women do.
31 Younger Spaniards say ‘ehhh’ more often than older Spaniards.
32 In the past linguists did not think that fillers are about the amount of time a speaker hesitates.
33 During a coffee break Liberman was chatting with a small group of researchers.
34 Fruehwald does not believe that there are age and gender differences related to ‘um’ and ‘uh’.
- 27 Answer: TRUE
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Q27: Fillers are usually expressed as pauses and probably have no linguistic meaning although they may have a purpose.
Fillers are parts of speech which are not generally recognised as meaningful and they include speech problems, such as stuttering (repeating the first consonant of some words). Fillers are normally avoided on television and films, but they occur quite regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes making up more than 20% of "words" in speech. But they can also be used as a pause for thought.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 2 that "fillers are not generally recognised as meaningful", which means they "have no linguistic meaning". The end of the passage refers that "they can also be used as a pause for thought", this is similar to pauses having "a purpose". Therefore, the answer for Q27 is TRUE.
- 28 Answer: TRUE
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Q28:In general, fillers vary across cultures.
Research in linguistics has shown that fillers change across cultures and that even the different English speaking nations use different fillers.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 3 that "filler change across cultures", the verb "change" is the synonym of "vary". Therefore, the answer for Q28 is TRUE.
- 29 Answer: FALSE
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Q29:Fillers are uncommon in everyday language.
Fillers are normally avoided on television and films, but they occur quite regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes making up more than 20% of "words" in speech.
Note: It is mentioned in sentence 2 of paragraph 2 that "they occur quite regularly in everday conversation", "every conversation" is similar to "everyday language", however the adverb "regularly" has contrasted meaning to the adjective " uncommon". Therefore, the answer for Q29 is FALSE.
- 30 Answer: TRUE
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Q30:American men use ‘uh’ more than American women do.
Liberman has discovered that as Americans get older, they use 'uh' more than 'um' and that men use 'uh' more than women no matter their age.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 5 that American "men use 'uh' more than women no matter their age". Therefore, the answer for Q30 is TRUE.
- 31 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q31: Younger Spaniards say ‘ehhh’ more often than older Spaniards.
Spanish speakers say 'ehhh' and in Latin America (where they also speak Spanish) but not Spain, 'este' is used (normally meaning 'this').
Note: It is mentioned at the end of paragraph 3 that "Spanish speakers" say 'ehhh'" , but there is no relevant information in the text indicating that "Younger Spaniards say ‘ehhh’ more often than older Spaniards". Therefore, the answer for Q31 is NOT GIVEN.
- 32 Answer: FALSE
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Q32:In the past linguists did not think that fillers are about the amount of time a speaker hesitates.
This was an unexpected result because scientists used to think that fillers had to do more with the amount of time a speaker pauses for, rather than with who the speaker is.
Note: It is mentioned at the end of paragraph 5 that "scientists used to think that fillers had to do more with the amount of time a speaker pauses for", "linguist" is one kind of "scientists", "pauses" is similar to "hesitates", however the information is contrasted to the statement that "linguists did not think". Therefore, the answer for Q32 is FALSE.
- 33 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q33: During a coffee break Liberman was chatting with a small group of researchers.
Note:There is no relevant information in the text indicating that "During a coffee break Liberman was chatting with a small group of researchers". Therefore, the answer for Q33 is NOT GIVEN.
- 34 Answer: FALSE
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Q34: Fruehwald does not believe that there are age and gender differences related to ‘um’ and ‘uh’.
The University of Edinburgh sociolinguist Josef Fruehwald may have an answer. In his view, 'um' and 'uh' are pretty much equivalent. The fact that young people and women prefer it is not significant. This often happens in language when there are two options.
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 8 that Fruehwald believes that "the fact that young people and women prefer" oftens "happens in language". ("young people and women prefer" is similar to "age and gender differences"), this information is contrasted to the statement that "Fruehwald does not believe that there are age and gender differences". Therefore, the answer for Q34 is FALSE.
Questions 35-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Fillers are not
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q35: Fillers are not | Fillers are normally avoided on television and films, but they occur quite regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes making up more than 20% of "words" in speech. |
Note: It is mentioned in sentence 2 of paragraph 2 that "fillers are normally avoided on television and films", television and films are parts of "media", "normally avoided" means "not popular". Therefore, the answer for Q35 is D. | |
It had originally seemed to Mark Liberman that
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q36: It had originally seemed to Mark Liberman that | According to the University of Pennsylvania linguist Mark Liberman, 'um' generally comes before a longer or more important pause than 'uh'. At least that's what he used to think. |
Note: It is mentioned at the end of paragraph 4 that Mark used to think that "'um' generally comes before a longer or more important pause than 'uh'", which means "'uh' comes before a shorter or less important pause than 'um'", the phrase " "comes before" is similar to " was followed", "used to think" means "originally". Therefore, the answer for Q36 is B. | |
Contrary to what linguists used to think, it is now believed that the choice of filler
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q37. Contrary to what linguists used to think, it is now believed that the choice of filler | Liberman has discovered that as Americans get older, they use 'uh' more than 'um' and that men use 'uh' more than women no matter their age. But the opposite is true of 'um'. The young say 'um' more often than the old. And women say 'um' more often than men at every age. This was an unexpected result because scientists used to think that fillers had to do more with the amount of time a speaker pauses for, rather than with who the speaker is. |
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 5 that the choice of fillers depends on age and gender which are characterises of speaker, and "this was an unexpected result", so it "contraries to what linguists used to think". Therefore, the answer for Q37 is B. | |
According to Liberman, it's still a puzzle why
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q38: According to Liberman, it's still a puzzle why | What is strange, however, is that 'um' is replacing 'uh' across at least two continents and five Germanic languages. Now this really is a mystery. |
Note:It is mentioned at the end of paragraph 7 that " 'um' is replacing 'uh' across at least two continents and five Germanic languages. Now this really is a mystery". The noun "mystery" is similar to "puzzle", the clause 'um' is replacing 'uh' " means "a language change" and "across at least two continents and five languages" means " so widely spread". Therefore, the answer for Q38 is A. | |
Concerning the normal changes that all languages go through as time goes by,
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q39:Concerning the normal changes that all languages go through as time goes by, | Their conclusion is that it is simply a case of language change in progress and that women and younger people are leading the change. And there is nothing strange about this. Women and young people normally are the typical pioneers of most language change. |
Note: It is mentioned at the beginning of paragraph 7 that "it is simply a case of languge change", which means "normal change". It is also stated that "women are leading the change", "women are typical pioneers", which is similar to "women play a more important role than men". Therefore, the answer for Q39 is D. | |
According to Fruehwald, the fact that 'um' is used more than 'uh'
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q40: According to Fruehwald, the fact that 'um' is used more than 'uh' | The fact that young people and women prefer it is not significant. This often happens in language when there are two options. People start using one more often until the other is no longer an option. It’s just one of those things. |
Note: It is mentioned at the end of paragraph 8 that “People start using one more often until the other is no longer an option. It is just one of those things", which means it is just a coincidence. Therefore, the answer for Q40 is D. | |
READING PASSAGE 1
Read, the text below and answer Questions 1-13.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
Albert Einstein is perhaps the best-known scientist of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 and his theories of special and general relativity are of great importance to many branches of physics and astronomy. He is well known for his theories about light, matter, gravity, space and time. His most famous idea is that energy and mass are different forms of the same thing.
Einstein was born in Wurttemberg, Germany on 14th March 1879. His family was Jewish but he had not been very religious in his youth although he became very interested in Judaism in later life.
It is well documented that Einstein did not begin speaking until after the age of three. In fact, he found speaking so difficult that his family were worried that he would never start to speak. When Einstein was four years old, his father gave him a magnetic compass. It was this compass that inspired him to explore the world of science. He wanted to understand why the needle always pointed north whichever way he turned the compass. It looked as if the needle was moving itself. But the needle was inside a closed case, so no other force (such as the wind) could have been moving it. And this is how Einstein became interested in studying science and mathematics.
In fact, he was so clever that at the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. At fifteen, he went to school in Munich which he found very boring. he finished secondary school in Aarau, Switzerland and entered the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich from which he graduated in 1900. But Einstein did not like the teaching there either. He often missed classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to play the violin instead. However, he was able to pass his examinations by studying the notes of a classmate. His teachers did not have a good opinion of him and refused to recommend him for a university position. So, he got a job in a patent office in Switzerland. While he was working there, he wrote the papers that first made him famous as a great scientist.
Einstein had two severely disabled children with his first wife, Mileva. His daughter (whose name we do not know) was born about a year before their marriage in January 1902. She was looked after by her Serbian grandparents until she died at the age of two. It is generally believed that she died from scarlet fever but there are those who believe that she may have suffered from a disorder known as Down Syndrome. But there is not enough evidence to know for sure. In fact, no one even knew that she had existed until Einstein's granddaughter found 54 love letters that Einstein and Mileva had written to each other between 1897 and 1903. She found these letters inside a shoe box in their attic in California. Einstein and Mileva's son, Eduard, was diagnosed with schizophrenia. He spent decades in hospitals and died in Zurich in 1965.
Just before the start of World War I, Einstein moved back to Germany and became director of a school there. But in 1933, following death threats from the Nazis, he moved to the United States, where he died on 18th April 1955.
READING PASSAGE 2
Read the text below and answer Questions 14-26.
DRINKING FILTERED WATER
A The body is made up mainly of water. This means that the quality of water that we drink every day has an important effect on our health. Filtered water is healthier than tap water and some bottled water. This is because it is free of contaminants, that is, of substances that make it dirty or harmful. Substances that settle on the bottom of a glass of tap water and microorganisms that carry diseases (known as bacteria or germs) are examples of contaminants. Filtered water is also free of poisonous metals and chemicals that are common in tap water and even in some bottled water brands.
B The authorities know that normal tap water is full of contaminants and they use chemicals, such as chlorine and bromine in order to disinfect it. But such chemicals are hardly safe. Indeed, their use in water is associated with many different conditions and they are particularly dangerous for children and pregnant women. For example, consuming bromine for a long time may result in low blood pressure, which may then bring about poisoning of the brain, heart, kidneys and liver. Filtered water is typically free of such water disinfectant chemicals.
C Filtered water is also free of metals, such as mercury and lead. Mercury has ended up in our drinking water mainly because the dental mixtures used by dentists have not been disposed of safely for a long time. Scientists believe there is a connection between mercury in the water and many allergies and cancers as well as disorders, such as ADD, OCD, autism and depression.
D Lead, on the other hand, typically finds its way to our drinking water due to pipe leaks. Of course, modern pipes are not made of lead but pipes in old houses usually are. Lead is a well-known carcinogen and is associated with pregnancy problems and birth defects. This is another reason why children and pregnant women must drink filtered water.
E The benefits of water are well known. We all know, for example, that it helps to detoxify the body. So, the purer the water we drink, the easier it is for the body to rid itself of toxins. The result of drinking filtered water is that the body does not have to use as much of its energy on detoxification as it would when drinking unfiltered water. This means that drinking filtered water is good for our health in general. That is because the body can perform all of its functions much more easily and this results in improved metabolism, better weight management, improved joint lubrication as well as efficient skin hydration.
F There are many different ways to filter water and each type of filter targets different contaminants. For example, activated carbon water filters are very good at taking chlorine out. Ozone water filters, on the other hand, are particularly effective at removing germs.
G For this reason, it is very important to know exactly what is in the water that we drink so that we can decide what type of water filter to use. A Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) should be useful for this purpose. This is a certificate that is issued by public water suppliers every year, listing the contaminants present in the water. If you know what these contaminants are, then it is easier to decide which type of water filter to get.
READING PASSAGE 3
Read the text below and answer Questions 27-40.
SPEECH DYSFLUENCY AND POPULAR FILLERS
A speech dysfluency is any of various breaks, irregularities or sound-filled pauses that we make when we are speaking, which are commonly known as fillers. These include words and sentences that are not finished, repeated phrases or syllables, instances of speakers correcting their own mistakes as they speak and "words" such as 'huh', 'uh', 'erm', 'urn', 'hmm', 'err', 'like', 'you know' and 'well'.
Fillers are parts of speech which are not generally recognised as meaningful and they include speech problems, such as stuttering (repeating the first consonant of some words). Fillers are normally avoided on television and films, but they occur quite regularly in everyday conversation, sometimes making up more than 20% of "words" in speech. But they can also be used as a pause for thought.
Research in linguistics has shown that fillers change across cultures and that even the different English speaking nations use different fillers. For example, Americans use pauses such as 'um' or 'em' whereas the British say 'uh' or 'eh'. Spanish speakers say 'ehhh' and in Latin America (where they also speak Spanish) but not Spain, 'este' is used (normally meaning 'this').
Recent linguistic research has suggested that the use of 'uh' and 'um' in English is connected to the speaker's mental and emotional state. For example, while pausing to say 'uh' or 'um' the brain may be planning the use of future words. According to the University of Pennsylvania linguist Mark Liberman, 'um' generally comes before a longer or more important pause than 'uh'. At least that's what he used to think.
Liberman has discovered that as Americans get older, they use 'uh' more than 'um' and that men use 'uh' more than women no matter their age. But the opposite is true of 'um'. The young say 'um' more often than the old. And women say 'um' more often than men at every age. This was an unexpected result because scientists used to think that fillers had to do more with the amount of time a speaker pauses for, rather than with who the speaker is.
Liberman mentioned his finding to fellow linguists in the Netherlands and this encouraged the group to look for a pattern outside American English. They studied British and Scottish English, German, Danish, Dutch and Norwegian and found that women and younger people said 'um' more than 'uh' in those languages as well.
Their conclusion is that it is simply a case of language change in progress and that women and younger people are leading the change. And there is nothing strange about this. Women and young people normally are the typical pioneers of most language change. What is strange, however, is that 'um' is replacing 'uh' across at least two continents and five Germanic languages. Now this really is a mystery.
The University of Edinburgh sociolinguist Josef Fruehwald may have an answer. In his view, 'um' and 'uh' are pretty much equivalent. The fact that young people and women prefer it is not significant. This often happens in language when there are two options. People start using one more often until the other is no longer an option. It’s just one of those things.
As to how such a trend might have gone from one language to another, there is a simple explanation, according to Fruehwald. English is probably influencing the other languages. We all know that in many countries languages are constantly borrowing words and expressions of English into their own language so why not borrow fillers, too? Of course, we don't know for a fact whether that's actually what's happening with 'um' but it is a likely story.
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