Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H.

18 ABCDEFGH      Brice Pitt believes

19 ABCDEFGH      The research at Henley Centre discovers

20 ABCDEFGH      The study conducted by Adweek finds

21 ABCDEFGH      The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology reports

22 ABCDEFGH      Steven Stack says in his report

• 18 Answer: C
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  Q18:  optimism is advantageous for human evolution.	Optimism is a piece of equipment that carried us through millennia of setbacks.
  Q18: Brice Pitt believes First, we search for the information regarding Brice Pitt and can quickly locate it in the first paragraph “As Brice Pitt, an emeritus professor of the psychiatry of old age at Imperial College, London, told me: “Optimists are unrealistic. Depressive people see things as they really are, but that is a disadvantage from an evolutionary point of view. Optimism is a piece of equipment that carried us through millennia of setbacks.” Basing on the information and some keywords highlighted, we can be confused between option B and C, and have a feeling that either would be the correct answer. B optimists tend to be unrealistic about human evolution. C optimism is advantageous for human evolution. After carefully analyzing the data, we could rule out option B because we could not find any information confirming that optimists tend to be unrealistic about human evolution. Option C is the correct answer because the fact that optimism is advantageous for human evolution is confirmed in the text (“Optimism is a piece of equipment that carried us through millennia of setbacks.”)

   

• 19 Answer: A
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  Q19: The research at Henley Centre discovers   First, we search for the information regarding the research at Henley Centre and can quickly locate it in the third paragraph “Chad Wallens, a social forecaster at the Henley Centre who surveyed middle-class Britons’ beliefs about income, has found that “the people who feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost the same amount of money at their disposal.” It means that those people who have the same amount of money can feel either happy or sad, so money cannot help create happiness for them. It is dependent on their own attitude and perspective, not the amount of money they own. Therefore, Option A is the correct answer
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q19: material wealth doesn't necessarily create happiness.	the people who feel wealthiest, and those who feel poorest, actually have almost the same amount of money at their disposal.

   

• 20 Answer: E
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  Q20: The study conducted by Adweek finds   First, we search for the information regarding the study conducted by Adweek and can quickly locate it in the fifth paragraph “But a 1995 nationwide survey conducted by the American magazine Adweek found that about half the population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men”. After consideration, we conclude Option E is the correct answer because the fact that feelings of optimism vary according to gender is confirmed in the text (“about half the population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men.”)
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q20: feelings of optimism vary according to gender	about half the population counted themselves as optimists, with women slightly more apt than men

   

• 21 Answer: G
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  Q21: The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology reports   First, we search for the information regarding Annual Review of Clinical Psychology reports and can quickly locate it in the eighth paragraph “They add that resilient people learn to hold on to their sense of humour and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big changes of plan are warranted”. After consideration, we conclude Option G is the correct answer because the fact that evenness of mind under stress is important to building resilience is confirmed in the text (“that resilient people learn to hold on to their sense of humour and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big changes of plan are warranted”)
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q21: evenness of mind under stress is important to building resilience	that resilient people learn to hold on to their sense of humour and this can help them to keep a flexible attitude when big changes of plan are warranted

   

• 22 Answer: D
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  Q22: Steven Stack says in his report First, we search for the information regarding Steven Stack and can quickly locate it in the ninth paragraph “One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology”. After consideration, we conclude Option D is the correct answer because the fact that adversity is the breeding ground of resilience is confirmed in the text (“One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood”)
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q22: adversity is the breeding ground of resilience	One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood.

   

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 23-26 on your answer sheet write

23 YESNONOT GIVEN    The benefits of optimism on health have been long known.

24 YESNONOT GIVEN    Optimists have better relationships with people than pessimists.

25 YESNONOT GIVEN    People with happy childhoods might not be able to practise optimism.

26 YESNONOT GIVEN    Resilient people are often open, and even thick­skinned.

• 23 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q23: The benefits of optimism on health have been long known. Although some benefits of optimism on health is found in this paragraph, we could not find any information implying that the benefits have been long known. The passage just shows the positive effects that optimism has over people’s health. So the answer is NOT GIVEN.

   

• 24 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q24: Optimists have better relationships with people than pessimists. In the passage, we could not find any information which refers to the comparison between optimists and pessimists regarding relationships with people. So the answer is NOT GIVEN.

   

• 25 Answer: YES
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  Q25: People with happy childhoods might not be able to practise optimism.   First, we search for the relationship between optimism and childhoods and can quickly locate it in the ninth paragraph “One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology”. It is people who experience difficult childhood can be able to optimistic in the future. In other words, people with happy childhoods cannot be optimistic later on. The question statement means the same as the information stated in paragraph. Therefore, the answer is YES.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q25: People with happy childhoods won't be able to practise optimism	One of the best ways to acquire resilience is through experiencing a difficult childhood, the sociologist Steven Stack reports in the Journal of Social Psychology.

   

• 26 Answer: YES
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  Q26: Resilient people are often open, and even thick­-skinned.   The question statement is confirmed in the passage “And despite being thick-skinned, resilient types are also more open than average to other people”. Hence, the answer is YES.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q25: Resilient people are often open, and even thick­s-kinned.	And despite being thick-skinned, resilient types are also more open than average to other people.

   ________

  Thanks to Nguyễn Quỳnh Như for your contribution to this detailed explanation.

Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

27 ABCDEFGH  A description of an imported species that is named after the English colonists

28 ABCDEFGH The reason why both the New World and Old World experienced population growth

29 ABCDEFGH The formation of new continents explained

30 ABCDEFGH The reason why the indigenous population declined

31 ABCDEFGH An overall description of the species lacked in the Old World and New World

32 ABCDEFGH A description of some animal species being ineffective in affecting the Old World

33 ABCDEFGH An overall explanation of the success of the Old World species invasion

34 ABCDEFGH An account of European animals taking roots in the New World

• 27 Answer: C
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  Q27: A description of an imported species that is named after the English colonists	One of these, a plantain (Plantago major), was named “Englishman’s Foot” by the Amerindians of New England and Virginia who believed that it would grow only where the English “have trodden, and was never known before the English came into this country”
  Q27: A description of an imported species that is named after the English colonists First of all, thanks to the highlighted keywords in statement, we can quickly locate where the information is “One of these, a plantain (Plantago major), was named “Englishman’s Foot” by the Amerindians of New England and Virginia who believed that it would grow only where the English “have trodden, and was never known before the English came into this country”. However, there is still not enough information regarding the description of this species, so we keep on reading “Thus, as they intentionally sowed Old World crop seeds, the European settlers were unintentionally contaminating American fields with weed seeds. More importantly, they were stripping and burning forests, exposing the native minor flora to direct sunlight, and the hooves and teeth of Old World livestock.” By further reading, we are finally convinced this is about the description of plantain. The paragraph containing the data is paragraph C, so this is the correct answer.

   

• 28 Answer: G
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  Q28: The reason why both the New World and Old World experienced population growth   Read through the passage, we can quickly locate the information concerning population growth in both New World and Old World is in paragraph G. Furthermore, the reason behind this phenomenon, which is considered the influence of crop plants, is also clearly referred “The New World’s great contribution to the Old is in crop plants. Maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, various squashes, chiles, and manioc have become essentials in the diets of hundreds of millions of Europeans, Africans, and Asians. Their influence on Old World peoples, like that of wheat and rice on New World peoples, goes far to explain the global population explosion of the past three centuries.” Thus, the correct answer is G.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q28: The reason why both the New World and Old World experienced population growth	The New World’s great contribution to the Old is in crop plants. Maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, various squashes, chiles, and manioc have become essentials in the diets of hundreds of millions of Europeans, Africans, and Asians. Their influence on Old World peoples, like that of wheat and rice on New World peoples, goes far to explain the global population explosion of the past three centuries

   

• 29 Answer: A
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  Q29: The formation of new continents explained   The first sentence in paragraph A explains this phenomenon very clearly “Millions of years ago, continental drift carried the Old World and New World apart, splitting North and South America from Eurasia and Africa”. Due to the continental drift, there were 2 continents established (North and South America) after separation from Eurasia and Africa. Thus, the correct answer is A.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q29: The formation of new continents explained	Millions of years ago, continental drift carried the Old World and New World apart, splitting North and South America from Eurasia and Africa

   

• 30 Answer: E
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  Q30: The reason why the indigenous population declined   First of all, thanks to the key word “indigenous population”, we can locate the information lies in paragraph E. Further reading, we recognize that “smallpox” was the reason behind the decrease in Native American “Smallpox was the worst and the most spectacular of the infectious diseases mowing down the Native Americans”. Hence, the correct answer is E.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q30: The reason why the indigenous population declined	Smallpox was the worst and the most spectacular of the infectious diseases mowing down the Native Americans

   

• 31 Answer: B
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  Q31: An overall description of the species lacked in the Old World and New World   As a result of Columbia Exchange, there were some species which were not found in the Old World and New World “In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old World’s dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.” The paragraph containing information is paragraph B. Thus, the correct answer is B.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q31: An overall description of the species lacked in the Old World and New World	In the Americas, there were no horses, cattle, sheep, or goats, all animals of Old World origin. Except for the llama, alpaca, dog, a few fowl, and guinea pig, the New World had no equivalents to the domesticated animals associated with the Old World, nor did it have the pathogens associated with the Old World’s dense populations of humans and such associated creatures as chickens, cattle, black rats, and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

   

• 32 Answer: F
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  Q32: A description of some animal species being ineffective in affecting the Old World   Paragraph F mentions some species that had no influence on the Old World “The export of America’s native animals has not revolutionised Old World agriculture or ecosystems as the introduction of European animals to the New World did. America’s grey squirrels and muskrats and a few others have established themselves east of the Atlantic and west of the Pacific, but that has not made much of a difference.” Hence, the correct answer is F.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q32: A description of some animal species being ineffective in affecting the Old World	The export of America’s native animals has not revolutionised Old World agriculture or ecosystems as the introduction of European animals to the New World did. America’s grey squirrels and muskrats and a few others have established themselves east of the Atlantic and west of the Pacific, but that has not made much of a difference

   

• 33 Answer: H
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  Q33: An overall explanation of the success of the Old World species invasion	When the Old World peoples came to America, they brought with them all their plants, animals, and germs, creating a kind of environment to which they were already adapted, and so they increased in number
  Q33: An overall explanation of the success of the Old World species invasion Paragraph H clearly states the event that people from Old World brought species of plants and animals to America and these soon adapted to the new environment “When the Old World peoples came to America, they brought with them all their plants, animals, and germs, creating a kind of environment to which they were already adapted, and so they increased in number”. Thus, the correct answer is H.

   

• 34 Answer: D
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  Q34: An account of European animals taking roots in the New World   Reading through the passage, we notice that paragraph D mentions two kinds of animals, which are cattle and horses and they were moved to New World which offered very good living condition with fine climate and land. Hence, they had good chance to develop successfully. “Cattle and horses were brought ashore in the early 1600s and found hospitable climate and terrain in North America.” Hence, the correct answer is D.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q34: An account of European animals taking roots in the New World	Cattle and horses were brought ashore in the early 1600s and found hospitable climate and terrain in North America

   

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 35-38 on your answer sheet write

35 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN European settlers built fences to keep their cattle and horses inside.

36 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN The indigenous people had been brutally killed by the European colonists.

37 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN America's domesticated animals, such as turkey, became popular in the Old World.

38 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Crop exchange between the two worlds played a major role in world population

• 35 Answer: FALSE
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  Q35:  European settlers built fences to keep their cattle and horses inside.	Fences were not for keeping livestock in, but for keeping livestock out.
  Q35: European settlers built fences to keep their cattle and horses inside. Thanks to some highlighted keywords, we quickly locate the information lies in paragraph D “Fences were not for keeping livestock in, but for keeping livestock out.” The question statement contracts with the information stated in paragraph, so the answer is FALSE.

   

• 36 Answer: TRUE
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  Q36: The indigenous people had been brutally killed by the European colonists.   The question statement is confirmed in the passage “Native American resistance to the Europeans was ineffective. Indigenous peoples suffered from white brutality, alcoholism, the killing and driving off of game”, so the answer is TRUE.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q36: The indigenous people had been brutally killed by the European colonists.	Native American resistance to the Europeans was ineffective. Indigenous peoples suffered from white brutality, alcoholism, the killing and driving off of game

   

• 37 Answer: FALSE
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  Q37: America's domesticated animals, such as turkey, became popular in the Old World.   Thanks to some highlighted keywords, we quickly locate the information lies in paragraph F “Some of America’s domesticated animals are raised in the Old World, but turkeys have not displaced chickens and geese” The question statement contracts with the information stated in paragraph. Thus, the answer is FALSE.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q37: America's domesticated animals, such as turkey, became popular in the Old World.	Some of America’s domesticated animals are raised in the Old World, but turkeys have not displaced chickens and geese

   

• 38 Answer: TRUE
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  Q38: Crop exchange between the two worlds played a major role in world population   The question statement is confirmed in the passage “The New World’s great contribution to the Old is in crop plants. Maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, various squashes, chiles, and manioc have become essentials in the diets of hundreds of millions of Europeans, Africans, and Asians. Their influence on Old World peoples, like that of wheat and rice on New World peoples, goes far to explain the global population explosion of the past three centuries.” Hence, the answer is TRUE.
  Keywords in Answer	Similar words in Passage
  Q38: Crop exchange between the two worlds played a major role in world population	The New World’s great contribution to the Old is in crop plants. Maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, various squashes, chiles, and manioc have become essentials in the diets of hundreds of millions of Europeans, Africans, and Asians. Their influence on Old World peoples, like that of wheat and rice on New World peoples, goes far to explain the global population explosion of the past three centuries.