Đáp án
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 NO
- 2 NOT GIVEN
- 3 NO
- 4 NO
- 5 YES
- 6 YES
- 7 B
- 8 A
- 9 A
- 10 B
- 11 B
- 12 A/C
- 13 B
Part 2: Question 14 - 28
- 14 iii
- 15 ii
- 16 vi
- 17 vii
- 18 ix
- 19 Bible
- 20 magnets and water
- 21 physiological/human
- 22 (mental) concentration
- 23 (fully) aware
- 24 A
- 25 D
- 26 B
- 27 D
- 28 C
Part 3: Question 29 - 40
- 29 freedom
- 30 organised
- 31 sports grounds/sports halls
- 32 intensive/sport(s)
- 33 one
- 34 assessments/criticism
- 35 fun
- 36 pressure
- 37 C
- 38 B
- 39 D
- 40 B
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Questions 1-6
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer of the passage?
Write:
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
1 Frogwatch members need a basic level of scientific training.
2 All Frogwatch members live in Western Australia.
3 Frogwatch has proved that frogs are disappearing because of a fungus.
4 Scientists in WA have examined about two thousand frogs collected by Frogwatch.
5 The frog fungus disease has been in Western Australia for more than ten years.
6 New species of frogs have been found in Western Australia recently.
- 1 Answer: NO
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Q1: Frogwatch members need a basic level of scientific training.
Through such a network, ordinary untrained members of the community could learn about frog habitats, observe the numbers and kinds of frogs in their local area, and report this information to the museum.
Note:
After scanning, we can find out the needed information for this question. Through Frogwatch network, ordinary untrained members of the community could learn about frog, observe and report the information to the museum. In other words, Frogwatch members don’t need a basic level of scientific training. Therefore, the answer must be NO.
- 2 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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Q2: All Frogwatch members live in Western Australia.
Frogwatch, a remarkable success story started in Western Australia, is the brainchild of Dr. Ken Aplin
Note:
We can find out the needed information in the first paragraph. After scanning, we are aware that the story of Frogwatch is from Western Australia and there is no information indicating that all the members of the network live in Western Australia. Thus, the statement is NOT GIVEN.
- 3 Answer: NO
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Q3: Frogwatch has proved that frogs are disappearing because of a fungus.
Recently, Frogwatch membership increased dramatically when a mysterious parasitic fungus disease began attacking frogs nationwide. Although research is yet incomplete,scientists suspect the fungus originated overseas, perhaps in South America, where frogs have died in catastrophic numbers from a fungus disease genetically similar to the Australian organism.
Note
Based on the keyword, we can find out the clue for this question. Accordingly, it is said that a fungus disease began attacking frogs nationwide. Then, scientists suspect the disease originated from where frogs have died in catastrophic numbers, but it is just the suspicion and the research is yet incomplete. From that point, we can conclude that NO is the answer.
- 4 Answer: NO
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Q4: Scientists in WA have examined about two thousand frogs collected by Frogwatch.
More than 2,000 frogs have now been examined, half from the museum’s existing collection.
Note
Based on the keyword ‘two thousand frogs’, we can easily locate the needed information for this question. To be specific, more than 2,000 frogs have been examined and half from the museum’s existing collection. In other words, the number of frog collected by Frogwatch is about 1,000. Therefore, the answer must be NO.
- 5 Answer: YES
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Q5: The frog fungus disease has been in Western Australia for more than ten years.
Aplin once thought the fungus had arrived in Western Australia in only the past year or two, but tests now suggest it has been there since the late 1980s.
Note:
Based on the keyword, we can find out the needed information in the third paragraph. Although the inventor of Frogwatch thought the fungus had arrived in Western Australia in only the past year or two, accordingly, test recently suggest that it has been there since the late 1980s. In other words, the disease has been in Western Australia for more than ten years. Thus, the answer for this question should be YES.
- 6 Answer: YES
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Q6: New species of frogs have been found in Western Australia recently.
Roberts argues that Western Australia is different. Unlike most other states, species are still being discovered there;
Note
Based on the keywords ‘Western Australia’ and ‘species’, we can find out the needed information for this question. It is stated that Western Australia is different since species are still being discovered there. From that point, we can conclude that YES must be the answer.
Questions 7-12
The reading passage describes the opinions of Dr, Ken Aplin, Dr. Dale Roberts and Dr. Rick Speare in relation to strategies for frog conservation.
Match one of the researchers A-C to each of the statements below.
There may be more than one correct answer.
Write:
A - for Dr. Aplin
B - for Dr. Roberts
C - for Dr. Speare
Example
Frogwatch is the best Australian program for encouraging public interest in frogs. A
7 Although the involvement of large numbers of people is encouraging, this does not guarantee scientifically valid data.
8 The development of frog-friendly backyards will help to conserve frog species.
9 Although it is possible that frogs will adapt to fungal and other problems in the long term, we should take precautions in case this does not occur.
10 As there may be many other explanations for recent frog deaths, it is not worth spending a great deal of time and money studying this fungus.
11 Because of the unique geography of Western Australia,most frog species in this State are not in danger of extinction.
12 Frogwatch has greater potential for frog observation than is possible by the scientific community.
- 7 Answer: B
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Q7: Although the involvement of large numbers of people is encouraging, this does not guarantee scientifically valid data.
Dr. Dale Roberts isn’t so sure, A senior zoology lecturer at the University of WA, Roberts agrees the program has: tapped into the public’s enthusiasm for frogs, but he warns that strong public awareness does not amount to sound science… He argues that getting the public to send in pages of observations is a good thing, but giving these reports credibility may not be valid scientifically.
Note:
Based on the keyword ‘scientifically valid data’, we can locate the information needed for this question. Dr. Roberts assumed that the Frogwatch is efficient when it has tapped into the public’s enthusiasm, but that awareness does not amount to sound science. Alternatively speaking, the involvement of the public does not guarantee scientifically valid data. Thence, the answer must be B. for Dr. Roberts.
- 8 Answer: A
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Q8: The development of frog-friendly backyards will help to conserve frog species.
Not everyone is convinced by the ‘feelgood' popularity of Frogwatch. While Aplin believes even tiny backyard ponds can help to significantly improve frog numbers
Aplin’s response is that increasing the number of frog-friendly habitats is important for the very reason that many Western Australian frog species are found in small, highly restricted locations. He argues that pesticide-free gardens and ponds can offer a greater chance of survival to animals battling habitat disturbance, environmental pollutants, climatic variations, and now fungal disease.
Note
It is said in the fifth paragraph that Aplin believes tiny backyards can help to significantly improve frog numbers. From that point, we can figure out that the statement belongs to Dr. Aplin. If you skip that information, we can scan another paragraph with a clearer proof. To be specific, Aplin assumes that frog-friendly habitats are useful as many species are found there and it also offers a greater chance of survival to frogs. All in all, we can conclude that A is the answer for this question.
- 9 Answer: A
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Q9: Although it is possible that frogs will adapt to fungal and other problems in the long term, we should take precautions in case this does not occur.
Aplin’s opinion is that they should use the precautionary principle in cases where they don’t yet know enough about the situation. Usually diseases sort themselves out naturally and some frog fauna will co-evolve with the fungus. Given time some balance may be restored, but in the shorter term, they are seeing negative impacts.
Note
As mentioning fungus disease, we should scan paragraph 2, 3 and 5. After skimming, it is clear that the information in these paragraphs are all related to Dr Aplin. Thus, we can conclude that A is the answer for this question.
- 10 Answer: B
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Q10: As there may be many other explanations for recent frog deaths, it is not worth spending a great deal of time and money studying this fungus.
he argues, there are other things that might have precipitated the deaths. He questions what could be done about it anyway. If it’s already widespread, it may not be worth the cost and effort of doing anything about it.
Note
Following the flow of information in Q7, we can find out the needed information for this question. Accordingly, Dr. Roberts also thought that the deaths of frogs might be from many other reasons, then it’s a waste of money and time to study the fungus disease. From that point, we can figure out that the answer must be B.
- 11 Answer: B
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Q11: Because of the unique geography of Western Australia, most frog species in this State are not in danger of extinction.
Roberts argues that Western Australia is different. Unlike most other states, species are still being discovered there; the disappearances of frog types in Queensland and New South Wales, are not occurring in Western Australia, although three south-west species are on the endangered list.
Note
Based on the keywords ‘Western Australia’ and ‘species’, we can locate the needed information in Roberts’ arguments. After scanning the paragraph, we are aware that the distinct features of Western Australia are indicated by not only the finding of new species but also the survivals of frog types disappeared in Queensland and New South Wales. From that point, we can conclude that the statement is from Dr. Roberts (B).
- 12 Answer: A/C
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Q12: Frogwatch has greater potential for frog observation than is possible by the scientific community.
Speare also tests the accuracy of' Aplin’s fungus diagnoses and says Frogwatch is ‘an amazing and under-acknowledged system ... the best program in Australia for harnessing public interest in frog biology...
Aplin argues that they should never underestimate the importance of' having a community base, especially when governments want to cut research funds, ‘People can protest in ways that a handful of scientists hiding in a laboratory can’t do.
Note
After scanning, we can realize that the information about the potential of Frogwatch is found in the last paragraphs. Accordingly, Dr. Speare said that Frogwatch is an amazing, under-acknowledged system and the best program for harnessing public interest in frog biology. From that point, we can perceive that Dr. Speare admitted the potential of Frogwatch for frog observation of the public. Then, C is an correct answer for this question.
In the last paragraph, in addition, Aplin also appreciate the importance of community base and they can protest the frogs in a way that the scientific community can’t do. Hence, A is also a correct answer.
All in all, the answer for this question must be A/C.
Questions 13
Write the appropriate letter A-D.
The main purpose of Frogwatch is ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q13: The main purpose of Frogwatch is ... A for people to collect and deliver dead or dying frogs to scientists. B for people to observe and collect information about frog populations for scientists C for people to allow scientists onto their private land to look at frog habitats. D for people to set up ponds in their gardens as habitat for frogs. | he wondered if a community-based frog-rmonitoring network could help him keep track of frogs. Through such a network, ordinary untrained members of the community could learn about frog habitats, observe the numbers and kinds of frogs in their local area, and report this information to the museum |
Note After skimming, we can realize that the general information of Frogwatch is illustrated in the first paragraph. According to that, Aplin wondered if the network could help him keep track of frogs. They will then learn about frogs, observe the numbers and various species and report the information to the museum. In other words, we can say that Frogwatch is for people to observe and collect information about frog populations for scientists. Therefore, the answer for this question must be B. | |
Questions 14-18
The passage has eight sections A-H.
Choose the most suitable heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-x).
There are more headings than sections, so you will not use all of them.
EXAMPLE Answer
Section A x
14 Section B
15 Section C
16 Section D
17 Section E
18 Section F
| List of Headings | |
| i | Use of hypnotism in criminal cases |
| ii | The normality of hypnotised subjects’ behaviour |
| iii | Early medical experiments with hypnotism |
| iv | Early association of hypnosis with psychology |
| v | Dangers of hypnotism |
| vi | How to hypnotise |
| vii | Hypnosis and free will |
| viii | Difference between mesmerism and hypnotism |
| ix | Therapeutic uses of hypnosis |
| x | Origins of hypnosis (Example) |
- 14 Answer: iii
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Q14: Section B
The term hypnotism was first used by James Braid, a British physician who studied suggestion and hypnosis in the mid-1800s… During this same period, James Esdaile, a Scottish doctor working in India, used hypnotism… a French neurologist, Jean Charcot, successfully experimented with hypnosis
Note
After introducing the term hypnotism, the author obviously indicates the initial using of hypnotism of some experts, namely Jame Braid, James Esdaile and Jean Charcot. From that point, we can figure out that iii is the answer for this question.
- 15 Answer: ii
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Q15: Section C
scientists have shown that the state of hypnosis is a natural human behaviour, which can affect psychological, social and/or physical experiences… Hypnotised people can talk, write, and walk about and they are usually fully aware of what is being said and done.
Note
Based on the keyword, we can find out the heading for this section. We are aware that the first sentence usually the topic sentence. To be specific, it is said in section C that hypnosis is a natural human behaviour. Then, the paragraph indicates these normal behaviour such as talking, writing, walking and ful awareness. After scanning the headings, we can conclude that ii is the suitable heading.
- 16 Answer: vi
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Q16: Section D
There are various techniques used to induce hypnosis. The best-known is a series of simple suggestions repeated continuously in the same tone of voice…
Note
It is obvious that the first sentence is the topic sentence of the section. After stating the variety in techniques to trigger hypnosis, the author indicates specifically the best-known technique. From that point, we can skim the headings and conclude that the answer must be vi.
- 17 Answer: vii
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Q17: Section E
It is a common misunderstanding that hypnotists are able to force people to perform criminal or any other acts against their will… The point to remember, however, is that these individuals chose to participate, and the success; of hypnotism depends on the willingness of a person to be hypnotised.
Note
Based on the keyword, we can consider three possible heading, namely i, v and vii. After scanning, however, we are aware that the paragraph indicates the misunderstanding of hypnotism. People think wrongly that it can urge them to commit crimes or any acts against their will, but the fact is that participants can choose to participate and retain their ability. From that point, we can figure out that vii is the most suitable heading for this section.
- 18 Answer: ix
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Q18: Section F
Interestingly, there are different levels of hypnosis achievable. Thus deep hypnosis can be induced to allow anaesthesia for surgery, childbirth or dentistry. This contrasts to a lighter state of hypnosis, which deeply relaxes the patient who will then follow simple directions.
Note
After scanning, we can acknowledge that the paragraph refers to levels of inducing hypnotism. Specifically, it can be induced to allow anaesthesia for surgery, childbirth and dentistry or to treat mental health problems. Then, the paragraph demonstrates more about the later usage. Along with scanning the headings, from that point, we can figure out that the answer for this question should be ix.
Questions 19-23
Complete the notes on the history of hypnosis using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage.
References to hypnotism can be found in both the Talmud and the 19 . Even when Mesmer’s 20 were not used, successful results occurred without them. Braid identified hypnosis as a natural 21 response, rather than magical or mystical. Early psychological studies showed the difference between sleep and hypnosis. Successful hypnosis requires the subject’s active 22 . Consequently subjects can speak or move around and are 23 of their surroundings. |
- 19 Answer: Bible
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Q19: References to hypnotism can be found in both the Talmud and the __________
Hypnotic experiences were described by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, whilst references to deep sleep and anaesthesia have been found in the Bible and in the Jewish Talmud.
Note
We can find out the answer for Q19-23 in section A, B and C.
Based on the keyword ‘Talmud’, we can easily find out the needed information for this question. Accordingly, references to deep sleep and anaesthesia have been found in the Bible and the Talmud. From that point, we can conclude that ‘Bible’ is the answer.
- 20 Answer: magnets and water
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Q20: Even when Mesmer’s _________ were not used, successful results occurred without them.
Mesmer used water tubs and magnetic wands to direct these supposed fluids to his patients… it was soon realised that successful results could be achieved, but without the need for magnets and water.
Note
Based on the keyword ‘Mesmer’, we can locate the needed information for this question. Particularly, Mesmer is said to use water tubs and magnetic wands to adjust the distribution of fluids, but it turned out that the successful results occurred without the need for magnets and water. From that point, we can figure out that the answer for this question should be ‘magnets and water’.
- 21 Answer: physiological/human
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Q21: Braid identified hypnosis as a natural _________ response, rather than magical or mystical.
The term hypnotism was first used by James Braid… hypnosis differed from sleep, that it was a physiological response and not the result of secret powers
Note
Based on the keyword ‘Braid’, we can find out the information needed in the first paragraph. Accordingly, Braid stated that hypnosis differs from sleep as it was a physiological response and not the result of secret powers. From that point, we can figure out that the gap needs filling with ‘physiological/human (the first sentence of section C)’.
- 22 Answer: (mental) concentration
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Q22: Early psychological studies showed the difference between sleep and hypnosis. Successful hypnosis requires the subject’s active _________
Although hypnosis has been compared to dreaming and sleepwalking, it is not actually related to sleep. It involves a more active and intense mental concentration of the person being hypnotised.
Note
Based on the keyword, we can find out the needed information in section C. Accordingly, hypnosis is said to be compared to dreaming and sleep, but it actually involves a more active and intense mental concentration of the subject. In other words, successful hypnosis requires the subject’s active mental concentration. Thus, the answer for this question should be ‘(mental) concentration’
- 23 Answer: (fully) aware
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Q23: Consequently subjects can speak or move around and are _________of their surroundings.
Hypnotised people can talk, write, and walk about and they are usually fully aware of what is being said and done.
Note
Based on the keyword, we can easily locate the needed information in section C. Accordingly to that, subjects can speak or move around and are aware of their surroundings. Therefore, ‘aware’ is the answer for this question.
Questions 24-28
Choose the correct letter A-D.
In order to induce hypnosis, the hypnotist will ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q24: In order to induce hypnosis, the hypnotist will ... A encourage the person to relax using a repetitively even tone of voice. B say a specific set of words in a special tone of voice. C say any words but in a particular tone of voice. D encourage the person to relax while focusing on a slowly moving object. | The best-known is a series of simple suggestions repeated continuously in the same tone of voice. The subject is instructed to focus their attention on an object or fixed point, while being told to relax, breathe deeply, and allow the eyelids to grow heavy and close. |
Note Based on the keyword, we are aware that we should scan section D. Accordingly, the best-known technique to induce hypnosis is to encourage the person to relax using a repetitively even tone of voice. Thus, A is the answer. | |
Hypnotised subjects can be instructed to ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q25: Hypnotised subjects can be instructed to ... A do something they have previously said is against their wishes. B demonstrate physical strength they would normally not have. C reveal confidential information against their will. D do something that they would not normally be opposed to doing. | The subject is instructed to… As the person responds, their state of attention changes, and this altered state often leads to other changes. For example, the person may experience different levels of awareness, consciousness, imagination, memory and reasoning or become more responsive to suggestions. |
Note Following the flow of information, we can figure out the answer for this question. To be specific, after giving repetitively simple suggestions, they alter the state of attention, which leads to other changes such as different levels of awareness, imagination and become more responsive to suggestions. From that point, we can acknowledge that subjects can be instructed to do something that they would not normally be opposed to doing as the experience changes their awareness and more responsive to suggestions. In conclusion, the most suitable answer should be D. | |
Past events are recalled under hypnosis ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q26: Past events are recalled under hypnosis ... A. to entertain the hypnotist. B. to allow subjects to reassess them without distress. C. to help the subjects improve their memories. D. to make the subject feel younger. | This latter state may be used to treat mental health problems, as it allows patients to feel calm while simultaneously thinking about distressing feelings or painful memories. Thus patients can learn new responses to situations or come up with solutions to problems. |
Note Based on the keyword, we can find out the needed information for this question. Accordingly, the lighter state of hypnosis allows patients to feel calm while simultaneously thinking about distressing feelings or painful memories, then patients can learn new responses or deal with problems. In other words, past events are recalled under hypnosis to allow subjects to reassess them without distress. Therefore, the answer for this question must be B. | |
After surgery, hypnosis may be used ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q27: After surgery, hypnosis may be used ... A to make drugs unnecessary. B to keep the patient mobile. C to make the patient forget to move. D to minimise patient's discomfort while immobile. | doctors had to graft skin onto a patient’s badly damaged foot. With hypnosis, the patient held his arm tightly in position over his abdomen for three weeks, then over his foot for four weeks. Even though these positions were unusual, the patient at no time felt uncomfortable! |
Note As referring to surgery, we should scan the information related to the injured. According to that, we are informed in paragraph G that the surgery must the graft of skin onto a patient’s badly damaged foot; and hypnosis was used to enable the patient to do some actions which allows them to have no time felt uncomfortable. From that point, we can figure out that D is the answer for this question. | |
The American Medical Association reported that ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q28: The American Medical Association reported that ... A people lie when giving evidence under hypnosis. B people should be hypnotised before giving evidence. C evidence given, when hypnotised may be unreliable. D secret evidence can be obtained through hypnosis. | This was confirmed by the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association, which, in 1985 reported that memories refreshed through, hypnosis may include inaccurate information, false memories, and confabulation (fact and fantasy combined) |
Note Based on the keyword ‘American Medical Association’, we can easily locate the needed information. Accordingly, the American Medical Association reported that hypnosis may include inaccurate information, false memories, and confabulation. For that reason, we can conclude that the answer for this question must be C. | |
Questions 29-36
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage.
Marte & Notarnicola define the spontaneous sporting games of children as activities of 29 . Because today sport is often decided and 30 by parents, children lose their autonomy. A first imbalance occurs because 31 are out of the city and often crowded, whilst there are a limited number of open recreational areas where children can play spontaneously. Children should discover and learn about sports themselves. The second imbalance occurs because they start early 32 training very young and participate in only 33 specific activity. Children often give up a sport because of negative 34 . It is important that trainers avoid excessive criticism of young children, who should have 35 at sporting activities. Another reason that children may give up sport is the attitudes of their parents. This third imbalance occurs as parents exert 36 on children to win rather than to enjoy sport. |
- 29 Answer: freedom
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Q29
Marte & Notarnicola define the spontaneous sporting games of children as activities of _______
Vincenzo Marte and Giovanni Notarnicola, describe the traditional spontaneous practice of sport by children -climbing trees, riding a bicycle along quiet roads, racing their friends across the fields - as an activity of freedom,
Note
Based on the keyword, we can find out the answer by scanning the first paragraph. It is obvious that they define the spontaneous sporting games of children as activities freedom. Thus, ‘freedom’ is the answer for this question.
- 30 Answer: organised
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Q30
Because today sport is often decided and _________ by parents, children lose their autonomy.
It is often parents who take their children, when they are very young, to the swimming pool or to the sports grounds or sports halls… By organising sport for children, and often deciding for them, we unfortunately create an imbalance preventing them from managing their own play/sports time
Note
Based on the keyword ‘parent’, we can figure out the answer for this question. According to paragraph 2, parents take their children to the sports grounds or sports halls. By that way, they decide and organise sport for their children, which preventing them from managing their own sports time. From that point, we can conclude that the gap needs filling with ‘organised’.
- 31 Answer: sports grounds/sports halls
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Q31
A first imbalance occurs because _________ are out of the city and often crowded, whilst there are a limited number of open recreational areas where children can play spontaneously.
A first possible reason for the imbalance in the practice of sport by children is therefore linked to the urban society we live in today… Doing one sport is now the rule in clubs. Sports grounds are often on the outskirts of cities, and are overcrowded and invariably enclosed, while recreational areas such as parks or hard-packed surfaces, are very few and far between.
Note
Based on the keyword, we can find out the clue for this question. We can be clear that the first imbalance occurs because sports grounds are out of the city and often crowded. Then, the answer must be ‘sports grounds’. In addition, the information stated in Q30 also implies another suitable answer, ‘sports hall’. Therefore, the answer for this question should be ‘sports grounds/sports halls’.
- 32 Answer: intensive/sport(s)
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Q32-33
Children should discover and learn about sports themselves. The second imbalance occurs because they start early ________ training very young and participate in only ________specific activity.
Areas where street sport can be practised need to be established and sports clubs which offer multidisciplinary sports training should be supported… Here is the second example of imbalance in children’s sport. Today, sport is practised with early intensive training from the youngest possible age. Sometimes this is even before the age of six and is usually one specific sport within an organised framework.
Note
We should scan the information related to the second imbalance. Accordingly, a given example illustrates that children practise with early intensive training from the youngest possible age. From that point, we can figure out ‘intensive’ is the answer for Q32. In addition, the information related to measures to reverse the first imbalance also implies another suitable answer, ‘sport(s)’. In conclusion, the answer for Q32 should be ‘intensive/sport(s)’.
Following the flow of information, we can find out the answer for Q33. Accordingly, children start intensive training even before the age of six and participate in only one specific activity. Thus, the answer for this Q33 is ‘one’.
- 33 Answer: one
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Q32-33
Children should discover and learn about sports themselves. The second imbalance occurs because they start early ________ training very young and participate in only ________specific activity.
Areas where street sport can be practised need to be established and sports clubs which offer multidisciplinary sports training should be supported… Here is the second example of imbalance in children’s sport. Today, sport is practised with early intensive training from the youngest possible age. Sometimes this is even before the age of six and is usually one specific sport within an organised framework.
Note
We should scan the information related to the second imbalance. Accordingly, a given example illustrates that children practise with early intensive training from the youngest possible age. From that point, we can figure out ‘intensive’ is the answer for Q32. In addition, the information related to measures to reverse the first imbalance also implies another suitable answer, ‘sport(s)’. In conclusion, the answer for Q32 should be ‘intensive/sport(s)’.
Following the flow of information, we can find out the answer for Q33. Accordingly, children start intensive training even before the age of six and participate in only one specific activity. Thus, the answer for this Q33 is ‘one’.
- 34 Answer: assessments/criticism
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Q34
Children often give up a sport because of negative ________
Why do very young children give up sport?… children may leave a sport because they believe that they have received too much criticism and too many negative assessments… young children are particularly sensitive to criticism from adults or peers
Note
Based on the keyword ‘give up a sport’, we can locate the needed information. It is clear that children often give up a sport because of negative assessments and criticism. From that point, we can conclude that the answer for this question must be ‘assessments/criticism’.
- 35 Answer: fun
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Q35
It is important that trainers avoid excessive criticism of young children, who should have _________ at sporting activities.
Trainers must therefore pay particular attention to this and avoid excessive criticism. They should also avoid any strategies that discriminate against the child: for example in team sports, naming first choice players and reserves. It should be remembered that primary school children’s main desire is to have fun and socialise.
Note
This sentence obviously refers to the solutions to prevent children from giving up a sport. Based on the keyword, additionally, we acknowledge that trainer should avoid excessive criticism of young children, who should have fun at sporting activities which is their main desire. Therefore, we can conclude that ‘fun’ is the answer for this question.
- 36 Answer: pressure
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Q36
Another reason that children may give up sport is the attitudes of their parents. This third imbalance occurs as parents exert _______ on children to win rather than to enjoy sport.
A third source of imbalance which threatens children and sport is parental attitudes. The American psychologist, Rainer Martens, emphasises that, ‘too often children’s joy of sports is destroyed by adults who want glory through victory.’ Several studies have shown that parental pressure is high on the list of reasons why children leave sport.
Note
‘Another reason’ explicitly refers to the third source of imbalance. The imbalance must occur as parents exert pressure on children to win rather than to enjoy sport. Thus, the answer for this question must be ‘pressure’.
Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter A-D.
Children’s expression of this ‘freedom’ is important because ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q37 Children’s expression of this ‘freedom’ is important because ... A. it allows them to be lazy. B. it means they can learn to swim and ride a bike. C. it puts them in charge of what they do and when they do it. D. it relieves the parents from transporting their children to sports. | Children’s first experience of sport thus takes place as an organised activity, which they see as organisation of their free time. By organising sport for children, and often deciding for them, we unfortunately create an imbalance preventing them from managing their own play/sports time, |
Note As referring to ‘freedom’, we should scan the information in the first and second paragraph. Accordingly, children’s first experience of sport can be seen as organisation of their free time. That parents decide and organise children’s sports activities prevents them from managing their own sports time. By self-choosing the sports to play, in other words, children are in charge of what they do and when they do it. Therefore, the answer for this question should be C. | |
Ways of allowing children to develop this ‘freedom’ include ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q38 Ways of allowing children to develop this ‘freedom’ include ... A. making transport to sports clubs free. B. offering a range of different sports in each sports club. C. offering sporting tuition to pre-school children. D. making children play outside regularly. | Measures which would reverse this imbalance include... Areas where street sport can be practised need to be established and sports clubs which offer multidisciplinary sports training should be supported. Children should be offered pre-school activity where they can discover different sports. |
Note We are aware that ways to develop that ‘freedom’ are measures which would reverse the imbalances. After scanning the needed information, we can exclude option A and C. Moreover, that areas where street sport can be practised need to be established does not means to make children play outside regularly. From that point, we can conclude that B is the answer for this question. | |
To encourage young children to continue with sport,we should give them ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q39 To encourage young children to continue with sport, we should give them ... A. accurate feedback about their ability at sport. B. experience of failure as well as success. C. experience of being reserves as well as first choice team members. D. the opportunity to mix socially with their peers at sport. | they should also avoid any strategies that discriminate against the child: for example in team sports, naming first choice players and reserves. It should be remembered that primary school children’s main desire is to have fun and socialise. |
Note We should scan the information following the reason for children to give up a sport. To encourage young children to continue with sport, accordingly, we should give them the opportunity to mix socially with their peers at sport since these children’s main desire is to have fun and socialise. Therefore, D should be the answer for this question. | |
The author believes that ...
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q40 The author believes that ... A. children’s sport should not be organised by adults. B. playing sport is an important: part of children’s development. C. children need to learn that sport is about losing as well as winning. D. children can be psychologically and physiologically damaged by sport. | If the children make the decisions, this ensures that they enjoy being a child in sport, and are relaxed with their development as human beings… sport gives children both the opportunity to know their limits, and to acquire tools which will allow them to surpass them. Playing sport is a source of learning, progress and pleasure; an additional way of enriching life. |
Note We can usually find out the needed information for this question in the last paragraph. The author states that sport will help children know their limits, acquire tools and playing sport is a source of learning, progress and pleasure. From that point, we can figure out the answer must be B. | |
Reading Passage 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on this passage.
Frogwatch
Frogwatch, a remarkable success story started in Western Australia, is the brainchild of Dr. Ken Aplin. His work, as the curator of reptiles and frogs in the Western Australian Museum, invoked long field trips and he wondered if a community-based frog-monitoring network could help him keep track of frogs. Through such a network, ordinary untrained members of the community could learn about frog habitats, observe the numbers and kinds of frogs in their local area, and report this information to the museum.
Launched in 1995, Frogwatch recently gained its 3221st member, and many people say that this is the best thing the museum has ever done. Each participant receives a ‘Frogwatch Kit’ - a regular newsletter, an audio tape of frog calls and identification sheets. Recently, Frogwatch membership increased dramatically when a mysterious parasitic fungus disease began attacking frogs nationwide. Although research is not yet complete, scientists suspect the fungus originated overseas, perhaps in South America, where frogs have died in catastrophic numbers from a fungus disease genetically similar to the Australian organism.
Researchers in Western Australia needed to know how widespread the infection was in the state’s frog populations. So Aplin sent an ‘F-file’ (frog fungus facts) alert to Frogwatch members, requesting their help. He asked them to deliver him dead or dying frogs. More than 2,000 frogs have now been examined, half from the museum’s existing collection. Aplin once thought the fungus had arrived in Western Australia in only the past year or two, but tests now suggest it has been there since the late 1980s.
Frogwatch has proved to be Abe perfect link to the public and Aplin has become a total convert to community participation. He’s now aiming for a network of 15,000 Frogwatch members as the museum can’t afford to use professional resources to monitor frog populations. Much of the frog habitat is on private land, and without community support, monitoring the frogs would be impossible.
Not everyone is convinced by the ‘feelgood' popularity of Frogwatch. While Aplin believes even tiny backyard ponds can help to significantly improve frog numbers, Dr. Dale Roberts isn’t so sure, A senior zoology lecturer at the University of WA, Roberts agrees the program has tapped into the public’s enthusiasm for frogs, but he warns that strong public awareness does not amount to sound science.
He argues that getting the public to send in pages of observations is a good thing, but giving these reports credibility may not be valid scientifically. In addition, he’s not convinced that Frogwatch’s alarmist message about the danger of fungal infection is valid either. In Western Australia, for example, there was a long summer and very late drenching rains, that year, following two equally dry years. So, he argues, there are other things that might have precipitated the deaths. He questions what could be done about it anyway. If it’s already widespread, it may not be worth the cost and effort of doing anything about it. Even if it’s causing high death rates, he says he can still find every frog species found over the past ten years in the south-west of Australia.
Roberts argues that Western Australia is different. Unlike most other states, species are still being discovered there; the disappearances of frog types in Queensland and New South Wales, are not occurring in Western Australia, although three south-west species are on the endangered list. Roberts believes that no amount of garden ponds in Perth will help those species, which live in isolated habitats targeted for development.
Aplin’s response is that increasing the number of frog-friendly habitats is important for the very reason that many Western Australian frog species are found in small, highly restricted locations. He argues that pesticide-free gardens and ponds can offer a greater chance of survival to animals battling habitat disturbance, environmental pollutants, climatic variations, and now fungal disease. Aplin’s opinion is that they should use the precautionary principle in cases where they don’t yet know enough about the situation. Usually diseases sort themselves out naturally and some frog fauna will co-evolve with the fungus. Given time some balance may be restored, but in the shorter term, they are seeing negative impacts.
The nationwide spread of the chytrid fungus is being mapped by Dr. Rick Speare, a specialist in amphibian disease at James Cook University. Speare also tests the accuracy of Aplin’s fungus diagnoses and says Frogwatch is ‘an amazing and under-acknowledged system ... the best program in Australia for harnessing public interest in frog biology... There are a lot of eyes out there looking for dead or sick frogs, beyond the power of any biologist to collect.’
Aplin argues that they should never underestimate the importance of having a community base, especially when governments want to cut research funds, ‘People can protest in ways that a handful of scientists hiding in a laboratory can’t do. For just about every environmental problem, community involvement is fundamental.’ Furthermore, Frogwatch is proving to be a social phenomenon as much as anything else. It seems ordinary people know that frogs are a measure of the environment’s health.
Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-28 which are based on this passage.
Just relax ...
A.
Hypnosis is an intriguing and fascinating process. A trance-like mental state is induced in one person by another, who appears to have the power to command that person to obey instructions without question. Hypnotic experiences were described by the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, whilst references to deep sleep and anaesthesia have been found in the Bible and in the Jewish Talmud. In the mid-1700s, Franz Mesmer, an Austrian physician, developed his theory of ‘animal magnestism’, which was the belief that the cause of disease was the ‘improper distribution of invisible magnetic fluids’. Mesmer used water tubs and magnetic wands to direct these supposed fluids to his patients. In 1784, a French commission studied Mesmer’s claims, and concluded that these ‘cures’ were only imagined by the patients. However, people continued to believe in this process of ‘mesmerism’ and it was soon realised that successful results could be achieved, but without the need for magnets and water.
B.
The term hypnotism was first used by James Braid, a British physician who studied suggestion and hypnosis in the mid-1800s. He demonstrated that hypnosis differed from sleep, that it was a physiological response and not the result of secret powers. During this same period, James Esdaile, a Scottish doctor working in India, used hypnotism instead of anaesthetic in over 200 major surgical operations, including leg amputations. Later that century, a French neurologist, Jean Charcot, successfully experimented with hypnosis in his clinic for nervous disorders.
C.
Since then, scientists have shown that the state of hypnosis is a natural human behaviour, which can affect psychological, social and/or physical experiences. The effects of hypnotism depend on the ability, willingness and motivation of the person being hypnotised. Although hypnosis has been compared to dreaming and sleepwalking, it is not actually related to sleep. It involves a more active and intense mental concentration of the person being hypnotised. Hypnotised people can talk, write, and walk about and they are usually fully aware of what is being said and done.
D.
There are various techniques used to induce hypnosis. The best-known is a series of simple suggestions repeated continuously in the same tone of voice. The subject is instructed to focus their attention on an object or fixed point, while being told to relax, breathe deeply, and allow the eyelids to grow heavy and close. As the person responds, their state of attention changes, and this altered state often leads to other changes. For example, the person may experience different levels of awareness, consciousness, imagination, memory and reasoning or become more responsive to suggestions. Additional phenomena may be produced or eliminated such as blushing, sweating, paralysis, muscle tension or anaesthesia. Although these changes can occur with hypnosis, none of these experiences is unique to it. People who are very responsive to hypnosis are also more responsive to suggestions when they are not hypnotised. This responsiveness increases during hypnotism. This explains why hypnosis takes only a few seconds for some, whilst other people cannot be easily hypnotised,
E.
It is a common misunderstanding that hypnotists are able to force people to perform criminal or any other acts against their will. In fact, subjects can resist suggestions, and they retain their ability to distinguish right from wrong. This misunderstanding is often the result of public performances where subjects perform ridiculous or highly embarrassing actions at the command of the hypnotist. These people are usually instructed not to recall their behaviour after re-emerging from the hypnotic state, so it appears that they were powerless while hypnotised. The point to remember, however, is that these individuals chose to participate, and the success of hypnotism depends on the willingness of a person to be hypnotised.
F.
Interestingly, there are different levels of hypnosis achievable. Thus deep hypnosis can be induced to allow anaesthesia for surgery, childbirth or dentistry. This contrasts to a lighter state of hypnosis, which deeply relaxes the patient who will then follow simple directions. This latter state may be used to treat mental health problems, as it allows patients to feel calm while simultaneously thinking about distressing feelings or painful memories. Thus patients can learn new responses to situations or come up with solutions to problems. This can help recovery from psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression or phobias. Sometimes, after traumatic incidents, memory of the events may be blocked. For example, some soldiers develop amnesia [loss of memory] as a result of their experiences during wartime. Through hypnosis these repressed memories can be retrieved and treated. A variation of this treatment involves age regression, when the hypnotist takes the patient back to a specific age. In this way patients may remember events and feelings from that time, which may be affecting their current well-being.
G.
Physicians also have made use of the ability of a hypnotised person to remain in a given position for long periods of time. In one case, doctors had to graft skin onto a patient’s badly damaged foot. First, skin from the person’s abdomen was grafted onto his arm; then the graft was transferred to his foot. With hypnosis, the patient held his arm tightly in position over his abdomen for three weeks, then over his foot for four weeks. Even though these positions were unusual, the patient at no time felt uncomfortable!
H.
Hypnosis occasionally has been used with witnesses and victims of crime to enable people to remember important clues, such as a criminal’s physical appearance or other significant details that might help to solve a crime. However, as people can both lie and make mistakes while hypnotised, the use of hypnotism in legal situations can cause serious problems. Also hypnosis cannot make a person divulge secret information if they don’t want to. This was confirmed by the Council on Scientific Affairs of the American Medical Association, which, in 1985 reported that memories refreshed through hypnosis may include inaccurate information, false memories, and confabulation (fact and fantasy combined)
Reading Passage 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 29-40 which are based on this passage.
Kids and Sport
Two Italian psychologists, Vincenzo Marte and Giovanni Notarnicola, describe the traditional spontaneous practice of sport by children -climbing trees, riding a bicycle along quiet roads, racing their friends across the fields - as an activity of freedom, a special activity of discovery and learning. In the case of free sporting activity, the child’s time is given up entirely to the activity, as can be seen in the endless games of football young children play, which may then be followed by bicycle races and/or a swim in the river, for example.
Today, however, children’s discovery of sport has become very different. It is often parents who take their children, when they are very young, to the swimming pool or to the sports grounds or sports halls. Children’s first experience of sport thus takes place as an organised activity, which they see as organisation of their free time. By organising sport for children, and often deciding for them, we unfortunately create an imbalance preventing them from managing their own play/sports time, thus denying them an opportunity of autonomy and independence as was possible in the past.
The first possible reason for the imbalance in the practice of sport by children is therefore linked to the urban society we live in today. We need not regret the past; it is rather a question of knowing how to recreate this freedom in our towns and in the country, where sport is increasingly based on organised leisure activities. Doing one sport is now the rule in clubs. Sports grounds are often on the outskirts of cities, and are overcrowded and invariably enclosed, while recreational areas such as parks or hard-packed surfaces, are very few and far between. How can we find the balance of a varied and spontaneous relationship to sport under such conditions?
Some interesting answers have already been suggested, which take into account the need to recreate this freedom. Marte and Notarnicola have shown that children who have experienced such freedom were considered by sports trainers to be more capable when they joined organised sport aged 12-13. Their study concluded that no formal training, no matter how early in life it took place, could replace these first experiences.
Measures which would reverse this imbalance include: increasing the number of sports facilities which encourage self-organisation by the children, and also setting up unstructured playing areas with little in the way of equipment. Areas where street sport can be practised need to be established and sports clubs which offer multidisciplinary sports training should be supported. Children should be offered pre-school activities where they can discover different sports.
For children, sports remain a special kind of discovery and learning, no matter how much adults limit and control the practice of early intensive training. Here is the second example of imbalance in children’s sport. Today, sport is practised with early intensive training from the youngest possible age. Sometimes this is even before the age of six and is usually one specific sport within an organised framework. When adult-style competitions are introduced at an early age, the conditions which encourage a balanced development of children through sport are no longer respected.
Today, early intensive training is much more widely on offer. Many sports organisations claim that they are forced to do this type of training because of what is called ‘the golden age’ to acquire the physical skills. It is considered unthinkable for a young skater or gymnast to miss this period, because if they did so, they would fall so far behind the best, that they could never hope to catch up. Faced with this demand for early ability, it is important that a safety net is put in place to maximise the benefits and minimise the disadvantages of such intensive training.
Why do very young children give up sport? The most common reason for leaving a sport is to change to another sport, which in itself is no bad thing. However, children may leave a sport because they believe that they have received too much criticism and too many negative assessments. We know that young children, up to the age of eleven or twelve, cannot assess their own level of competence. They believe that if they are making an effort, then this in itself is a sign of their competence. We also know that young children are particularly sensitive to criticism from adults or peers. Trainers must therefore pay particular attention to this and avoid excessive criticism. They should also avoid any strategies that discriminate against the child: for example in team sports, naming first choice players and reserves. It should be remembered that primary school children’s main desire is to have fun and socialise. The desire to improve and become a good competitor will develop later. This brief example shows that knowledge of child development is indispensable for those who take care of children at this age. It is up to trainers, sports doctors and psychologists to implement the measures necessary to limit this excessive early practice of sport by children.
A third source of imbalance which threatens children and sport is parental attitudes. The American psychologist, Rainer Martens, emphasises that, ‘too often children’s joy of sports is destroyed by adults who want glory through victory.’ Several studies have shown that parental pressure is high on the list of reasons why children leave sport. The presence of mothers and fathers can prevent children from considering sport as their own, where they can learn to master technical difficulties, manage interpersonal relations, and experience success and failure. As Martens highlights, ‘adults are solely to blame if joy and sadness become synonymous, to a child, with victory or defeat.’
If the children make the decisions, this ensures that they enjoy being a child in sport, and are relaxed with their development as human beings. We need only observe the activity in a school playground, where games are organised on an improvised playing field, to understand that children show genetic traces of the hunter instinct, which naturally leads them to physical activity. Sport is included as something they want, and which they identify both as a means of release and as a form of self-expression. By acting as a route to self-discovery, sport gives children both the opportunity to know their limits, and to acquire tools which will allow them to surpass them. Playing sport is a source of learning, progress and pleasure; an additional way of enriching life.
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