The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

Example: Paragraph A iii

14 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph B

15 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph C

16 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph D

17 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph E

18 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph F

19 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph G

• 14 Answer: ix
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  Q14: Paragraph B The use of a means from another domain for reference	[B] Wiggins has drudged up tools from a branch of artificial intelligence called machine learning to model the collective protein-making activity of genes from real-world biological data.
  Note: In paragraph B, the author provided that Wiggins used another tool in order to support his experiments. Hence, the answer to this question is IX.

• 15 Answer: vi
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  Q15: Paragraph C An introduction of a background tracing back to the availability of mature techniques for detailed research on genes	[C] when high-throughput techniques generated more mRNA expression profiles and DNA sequences than ever before
  Note: Paragraph C mentions the techniques that could generate the detailed expression profiles of mRNA and DNA sequences. So the answer is VI.

• 16 Answer: x
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  Q16: Paragraph D A tough hurdle on the way to find the law governing the activities of the genes	Yet predicting such gene activity requires uncovering the fundamental rules that govern it ... But physicists who did not work with particles (or planets, for that matter) viewed statistics as nothing short of an anathema.
  Note: Paragraph D states that there is a difficulty (or we can say "a tough hurdle") when finding the fundamental rules of gene activity because physicists did not work with particles so they cannot view the statistics. For this reason, X is the answer.

• 17 Answer: vii
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  Q17: Paragraph E A way out to face the challenge confronting the scientist on the deciding of researchable data.	[E] But in working with microarrays, “the experiment has been done without you,” Wiggins explains. “And biology doesn’t hand you a model to make sense of the data.” ... Wiggins believes that many machine-learning algorithms perform well under precisely these conditions. When working with so many unknown variables, “machine learning lets the data decide what’s worth looking at,” he says.
  Note: The challenge that the author stated in paragraph E is that biology does not provide a model to make sense of the data. We also have the keywork "a way out" which means a solution of the challenge. Thus, the answer is VII.

• 18 Answer: v
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  Q18: Paragraph F An algorithm used to construct a specific model to discern the appearance of something new by the joint effort of Wiggins and another scientist	[F] As he worked with different algorithms, he started to attend discussions on gene regulation led by Christina Leslie, who ran the computational biology group at Columbia at the time. Leslie suggested using a specific machine-learning tool called a classifier.
  Note: In paragraph F, an algorithm used to construct a specific model is called classifier. In addition, another scientist discussing with Wiggins about gene regulation is Christina Leslie. Hence, V is the answer.

• 19 Answer: i
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  Q19: Paragraph G The search for the better-fit matching between the model and the gained figures to foresee the activities of the genes	[G] MEDUSA finds the pairing that best improves the fit between the model and the data it tries to emulate ... By adding one pairing at a time, MEDUSA can predict which genes ratchet up their RNA production
  Note: Based on the keywork "better-fit", we can locate the information due to its synonym. The keyword "foresee" has the same meaning as "predict". Therefore, MEDUSA can foresee the genes' activities. For this reason, I is the answer.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?

In boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet, write

20 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Wiggins is the first man to use DNA microarrays for the research on genes.

21 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN There is almost no possibility for the effort to decrease the patterns of interaction between DNA, RNA, and proteins.

22 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Wiggins holds a very positive attitude on the future of genetic research.

• 20 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q20: Wiggins is the first man to use DNA microarrays for the research on genes.	[C] “opening up a completely different way of thinking about biological phenomena,” Wiggins says. Key among these techniques were DNA microarrays, ...
  Note: Wiggins was mentioned to be a person who use DNA microarrays for his research, but there is no information stating he is the first person us DNA microarrays. Therefore, Q20 is NOT GIVEN.

• 21 Answer: TRUE
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  Q21: There is almost no possibility for the effort to decrease the patterns of interaction between DNA, RNA, and proteins.	[E] Even more challenging, the building blocks that makeup DNA, RNA, and proteins are assembled in myriad ways; moreover, subtly different rules of interaction govern their activity, making it difficult, if not impossible, to reduce their patterns of interaction to fundamental laws.
  Note: We should look for any paragraph referring to the words "DNA, RNA, and proteins", so we could locate the information in paragraph E. As the text states the same information to the question, so TRUE is the answer.

• 22 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q22: Wiggins holds a very positive attitude on the future of genetic research.
  Note: From the whole passage, we cannot find any information that Wiggins appreciates about the future of genetic research. Hence, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

Write the correct letter, A–O, in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.

For more than 2000 years people have wondered why raising the 27 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP of cold water before cooling it results in more rapid cooling. At first researchers thought that a warm container created its own icy 28 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP which made the water freeze faster, but comparisons with containers resting on a dry 29 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP indicated that this was inaccurate. Evaporation of water proved not to be a 30 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP .

Temperature measurements showed that, although the water in the cooler container reached 00C before the warmer one, it took longer to actually solidify. The water temperature drops the most at the top and sides of the container. Provided there is a temperature 31 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP , the water will continue to circulate and to cool down. Cooler water will have less wate 32 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP , and thus a slower rate of freezing. If ice forms on the top of the water, this will further slow the 33 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP of freezing, but if it forms on the bottom and the sides of the container, this will increase the rate of cooling.

• 27 Answer: P
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  Q27: For more than 2000 years people have wondered why raising the 1 P of cold water before cooling it results in more rapid cooling.	Paragraph 1: In 300 BC, the famous philosopher Aristotle wrote about a strange phenomenon that he had observed: “Many people, when they want to cool water quickly, begin by putting it in the sun.” Other philosophers over the ages noted the same result, but were unable to explain it. Paragraph 2: In 1963, a young Tanzanian student named Erasto Mpemba noticed that the ice cream he was making froze faster if the mix was placed in the freezer while warm than if it were at room temperature.
  Note: This is a difficult question. You need to read through the passage from the beginning and understand the meaning which is that “if we put cold water into a warm place before cooling it, it will freeze faster”. This is similar to the Summary (question) that “if we raise the temperature of cold water before cooling it results in more rapid cooling” Answer: P. temperature

• 28 Answer: H
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  Q28: At first researchers thought that a warm container created its own icy 2 H which made the water freeze faster,	Paragraph 3: It was initially hypothesised that the warm bowl melted itself a place in the ice on the freezer shelf, thus embedding its base in a ‘nest’ of ice, which would accelerate freezing
  Note: Matching key words “at first” – “initially” “water freeze faster” – “accelerate freezing” Answer: H. hollow

• 29 Answer: F
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  Q29: but comparisons with containers resting on a dry 3 F indicated that this was inaccurate	Paragraph 3: The hypothesis was tested by comparing the result when bowls of warm water were placed on ice and on a dry wire shelf; this demonstrated that the ice nest actually had little effect.
  Note: “dry wire shelf” refers to “dry surface” “inaccurate” – “little effect” Answer: F. surface

• 30 Answer: G
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  Q30: Evaporation of water proved not to be a 4 G	Paragraph 2: He and Mpemba co-authored a paper in New Scientist in 1969, which produced scientific descriptions of some of the many factors at work in freezing water. Paragraph 3: It was initially hypothesised that the warm bowl melted itself a place in the ice on the freezer shelf, thus embedding its base in a ‘nest’ of ice, which would accelerate freezing. The hypothesis was tested by comparing the result when bowls of warm water were placed on ice and on a dry wire shelf; this demonstrated that the ice nest actually had little effect. A second suggestion was that the warmer water would be evaporating at its surface, thus reducing the volume needing to be frozen, but this idea was also shown to be insignificant.
  Note: Paragraph 2 describes “descriptions of some of the many factors” In paragraph 3: “a ‘nest’ of ice” is Factor 1 “Evaporation of water” is Factor 2 But “this idea (Evaporation of water) was also shown to be insignificant” means this idea “proved not to be a factor” Answer: G. factor

• 31 Answer: N
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  Q31: Temperature measurements showed that, although the water in the cooler container reached 00C before the warmer one, it took longer to actually solidify. The water temperature drops the most at the top and sides of the container. Provided there is a temperature 5 N, the water will continue to circulate and to cool down.	Paragraph 4: Thermometers placed in the water showed that the cooler water dropped to freezing temperature well before the warmer bowlful, and yet the latter always froze solid first. Experiments at different temperatures showed that water at 50C took longest to freeze in a conventional freezer, while water initially at 350C was quickest. On further examination, an explanation for this paradox began to emerge. Losing heat from the water occurs at the points where it is in touch with the colder atmosphere of the freezer, namely the sides of the bowl and the water surface. Paragraph 5: A warm surface will lose heat faster than a cold one because of the contrast between the temperatures; but of course there is more heat to be lost from one bowl than the other! If the surface can be kept at a higher temperature, the higher rate of heat loss will continue. As long as the water remains liquid, the cooling portion on top will sink to the bottom of the bowl as the warmer water below rises to take its place.
  Note: Matching key words: “Temperature measurements” – “Thermometers” to locate the position of the question Paragraph 4 mentions “different temperatures” and explains what it causes Paragraph 5 continues explaining and emphasising “contrast between the temperatures” and mentions “high temperature”, which means “temperature difference” (which is the gap or difference between low and high temperature) Answer: N. difference

• 32 Answer: J
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  Q32: Cooler water will have less water 6 J, and thus a slower rate of freezing.	Paragraph 6: Another inhibiting factor for this container is that ice will also form quite quickly on the surface. This not only acts as insulation, but will virtually stop the helpful effects of the water circulating inside the bowl. Paragraph 7: Ultimately, the rate of cooling the core of this body of water becomes so slow that the other warmer one is always fully frozen first.
  Note: “Cooler water” – “ice will also form quite quickly on the surface” This question can be done with Exclusion Methods, you can check the information by noticing the word “circulating” in the paragraph Answer: J. circulation

• 33 Answer: C
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  Q33: If ice forms on the top of the water, this will further slow the 7 C of freezing, but if it forms on the bottom and the sides of the container, this will increase the rate of cooling.	Paragraph 5: If the surface can be kept at a higher temperature, the higher rate of heat loss will continue. As long as the water remains liquid, the cooling portion on top will sink to the bottom of the bowl as the warmer water below rises to take its place. The early freezing that may occur on the sides and base of the container will amplify the effect. Paragraph 6: Another inhibiting factor for this container is that ice will also form quite quickly on the surface. This not only acts as insulation, but will virtually stop the helpful effects of the water circulating inside the bowl. Paragraph 7: Ultimately, the rate of cooling the core of this body of water becomes so slow that the other warmer one is always fully frozen first.
  Note: Paragraph 5 mentions “cooling” and after that mentions “effect”. As can be seen that “effect” refers “cooling” “amplify the effect” means “amplify the cooling” – “increase the rate of cooling” Paragraph 6 describes “ice will also form quite quickly on the surface” which, in Paragraph 7, “Ultimately” “slow” “the rate of cooling the core of this body of water” (slow the process of freezing) Answer: C. process