The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-H.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-H from the list below.
Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

14 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph A

15 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph B

16 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph C

17 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph D

18 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph F 

19 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph G

20 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph H

• 14 Answer: ii
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q14.Paragraph A: fluctuation in bittern number	Breeding bitterns became extinct in the UK by 1886 but, following re-colonisation early last century, numbers rose to a peak of about 70 booming (singing) males in the 1950s, falling to fewer than 20 by the 1990s.
  After skimming the paragraph, we can assume that it is about the number of bitterns. By paying attention to keywords in the first sentence (rose, failing) which are the paraphrase of the word “fluctuate”, we can infer that the best summary for this paragraph is “ii”.

   

• 15 Answer: v
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q15. Paragraph B: Began in calculation of the number.	The boom of the male bittern is its most distinctive feature during the breeding season, and we developed a method to count them using the sound patterns unique to each individual.
  By looking at the frequency of the word “number” and similar words of “calculate” in the paragraph, such as “count”, “estimate”, we can get the gist of it about calculating the number of bitterns.

   

• 16 Answer: i
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q16. Paragraph C:  research findings into habitats and decisions made.	Our first direct understanding of the habitat needs of breeding bitterns came from comparisons of reedbedsites that had lost their booming birds with those that retained them. This research showed that bitterns had been retained in reedbeds where the natural process of succession, or drying out, had been slowed through management. Based on this work, broad recommendations on how to manage and  rehabilitate  reedbeds for bitterns were made ,
  By skimming the paragraph and highlighting all keywords in it, we compare them with highlighted words in the summary. We can see that the first and second sentence in the paragraph is about result of the research and the third sentence is about the decisions they made based on the research findings.

• 17 Answer: viii
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q17. Paragraph D:  research into the reedbed	To refine these recommendations and provide fine-scale, quantitative habitat prescriptions on the bitterns  preferred feeding habitat, we radio-tracked male bitterns on the RSPB’s Minsmere and Leighton Moss reserves. This showed clear preferences for feeding in the wetter reedbed margins, particularly within the reedbed next to larger open pools.
  By looking at the first sentence, we can get the gist of the paragraph. Firstly, we need to understand that “these recommendations” is the management of reedbeds which is mentioned at the end of the third paragraph. So, we can infer the main idea of the paragraph is about research into the reedbed conducted to refine the recommendations on the way to manage reedbed.

   

• 18 Answer: vi
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q18. Paragraph F:  importance of food	The final phase of research involved understanding the diet, survival and dispersal of bittern chicks. To do this.... Many chicks did not survive to fledging and starvation was found to be the most likely reason for their demise .The fish prey fed to chicks was dominated by those species penetrating into the reed edge. So, an important element of recent studies (including a PhD with the University of Hull) has been the development of recommendations on habitat and water conditions to promote healthy native fish populations.
  + Firstly, the main idea of the paragraph appears in the first sentence, research into the diet, survival and dispersal of bittern chicks  and its finding. The result of this research is starvation was found to be the most likely reason for bittern chicks’ demise in the third sentence. Demise means death. Although we don’t know the meaning of “demise, we can suppose that it is something bad. + Secondly, the food of bittern chicks, fish, is mentioned in the fourth sentence as a result of the mention of “starvation”. The last sentence is about the importance of recommendations on the way to promote the food of bittern chicks. So, we can assume the best summary is “vi”.

   

• 19 Answer: iii
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q19. Paragraph G: protect the young bittern	Once independent, radio-tagged young bitterns were found to seek out new sites during their first winter; a proportion of these would remain on new sites to breed if the conditions were suitable. A second EU LIFE funded project aims to provide these suitable sites in new areas. A network of 19 sites developed through this partnership project will secure a more sustainable UK bittern population with successful breeding outside of the core area, less vulnerable to chance events and sea level rise.
  + Firstly, let’s have a look at the first sentence which mentions “young bitterns”, so we can assume that this paragraph includes information about the “young bitterns”. + Secondly, skimming the rest of the paragraph, we can see that it’s about a project providing suitable habitats for young bitterns. In other words, this project protects the population of young bitterns.

   

• 20 Answer: iv
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  Keywords in summary	Similar words in passage
  Q20. international cooperation works	Although science has been at the core of the bittern story, success has only been achieved through the trust, hard work and dedication of all the managers, owners and wardens of sites that have implemented, in some cases very drastic, management to secure the future of this wetland species in the UK. The constructed bunds and five major sluices now control the water level over 82 ha, with a further 50 ha coming under control in the winter of 2005/06. Reed establishment has principally used natural regeneration or planted seedlings to provide small core areas that will in time expand to create a bigger reed area. To date nearly 275,000 seedlings have been planted and reed cover is extensive. Over 3 km of new ditches have been formed, 3.7 km of existing ditch have been re-profiled and 2.2 km of old meander (former estuarine features) has been cleaned out.
  To decide the suitable summary of the paragraph, we should understand the meaning of “works”. ”Works” means activities involving building or repairing something. So we can find most of information in the paragraph about expansion, establishment and repair. Moreover,  “all the managers, owners and wardens of sites” is the paraphrase of “cooperation”, therefore, we choose "iv" as the correct answer for this question.

   

The reading passage has seven paragraph，A-F

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below.

Write the correct number, i-xi in boxes 28-33 on your answer sheet.

28 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph A

29 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph B

30 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph C

31 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph D

32 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph E

33 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Paragraph F

• 28 Answer: i
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  Note: From question 28 – 33, only one heading could match with one paragraph. If you hesitate to choose an appropriate answer, just skip that and do it later when other options have been chosen. And be careful, read the whole paragraph for the answer, do not scan just a few words.

  Q28:

  Answer: i. overview of the benefits for the application of E-training

  This paragraph gives information about:

  - What is E-learning (E-learning is the unifying term to describe the fields of online learning, web-based training, and technology-delivered instruction)

  - What benefits that E-learning brings to us (whose purpose is to train new managers, saved the company in the range of $200 million in 1999. Cutting the travel expenses required to bring employees and instructors to a central classroom accounts for the lion’s share of the savings. With an online course, employees can learn from any Internet-connected PC, anywhere in the world. Ernst and Young reduced training costs by 35 percent while improving consistency and scalability.)

  So, obviously, this paragraph is describing an overview of E-learning.

  Note that some students might scan a word “IBM” and then immediately choose answer ii (IBM’s successful choice of training) as a correct answer. This is just an example of IBM’s success in applying E-learning into life, not relating to choice or anything.

• 29 Answer: ix
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  Q29: 

  Answer: ix. other advantages besides economic consideration

  For this paragraph, you could easily point out the first sentence that matches with the answer (in addition to generally positive economic benefits). However, to ensure that this is the most suitable answer, quickly scan the entire paragraph. Fortunately, it is just a wider explanation for the first sentence.

• 30 Answer: iv
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  Q30:

  Answer: iv. learners achievement and advanced teaching materials

  - For "learners achievement", the answer is quite clear: (that e-learners performed 20 percent better than traditional learners, where the distance learners outperformed the traditional learners).

  - For "advanced teaching materials": note that there is a comparison between traditional learning and E-learning, with the disadvantages of the former (the traditional route of classroom instruction runs the risk of…) in contrast to the latter (E-training promises more effective teaching techniques) to make the advantages of E-leanrning stand out.

• 31 Answer: vii
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  Q31:

  Answer: vii. technology can be a huge financial burden

  Luckily, the answer is located in the very first sentence (nobody said E-training technology would be cheap). Now, take a quick look at the other parts of this paragraph. There are lots of costs related to E-training ($10,000 to $60,000; $500,000). Also note for the phrase ‘costs can top’ that express an extremely high value of E-learning expenses, which means a huge financial burden.

• 32 Answer: v
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  Q32:

  Answer: v. limitations when E-training compares with traditional class

  In this paragraph, you can spot another comparison between those two methods of learning. But, unlike paragraph C, this one tends to show some negative aspects of E-training (E-learning isn't expected to replace the classroom entirely) – class room stands for traditional learning. Afterwards, lots of reasons for why it couldn’t replace is listed (E-learning isn't expected to replace the classroom entirely), accompanying by examples which begin with the phrase ‘for instance’.

  Another clue for you is the key word ‘limitations’ in the second sentence. Along with the explanation above, v is definitely the correct choice.

  And watch out, one more time, the what-you-think-a-key-word also appear in the second sentence ‘multimedia over the Internet’ leading you to choose the wrong answer (vi: multimedia over the Internet can be a solution). ‘Multimedia over the Internet’ is one reason but there's also another reason for the drawbacks of E-learning (Furthermore, e-training isn’t suited to every mode of instruction or topic). So the whole paragraph do not only discuss about the multimedia problem.

• 33 Answer: iii
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  Q33:

  Answer: iii. Future direction and a new style of teaching

  Note that ‘few’ and ‘a few’ are two different words with different meanings that could embarrass many students. ‘Few’ means very little in amount of something, whereas ‘a few’ means some.

  There are some words related to time in the whole paragraph (nowadays, formerly) which indicates the process of development through a flow of time. So, there would be an orientation to develop in the future (While few people debate the obvious advantages of e-learning, systematic research is needed to confirm that…). This means that although not much people deny the advantages of E-learning, in the future it’s still need to carry out some research to confirm that…

  (Nowadays, a go-between style of the Blended learning, which refers to a mixing of different learning environments, is gaining popularity) this sentence will explain for ‘a new style of teaching’, which is a mix of different learning environments.

The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-F.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-F, in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.

34 ABCDEF  Projected Basic Blue in IBM achieved a great success.

35 ABCDEF E-learning wins as a priority for many corporations as its flexibility.

36 ABCDEF The combination of the traditional and e-training environments may prevail.

37 ABCDEF Example of a fast electronic delivery for a company’s products to its customers.

• 34 Answer: A
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  Q34: Projected Basic Blue in IBM achieved a great success.

  Answer: A

  ‘Basic Blue’ is easily spotted in paragraph A (IBM, for instance, claims that the institution of its e-training program, Basic Blue) and obviously, its success is also mentioned in this paragraph (saved the company in the range of $200 million in 1999….; cutting the travel expenses required to bring employees and instructors to a central classroom accounts for the lion’s share of the savings)

• 35 Answer: B
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  Q35: E-learning wins as a priority for many corporations as its flexibility.

  
  Answer: B 

   Here in this paragraph, it’s just another scan thing (In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such as convenience, standardized delivery, self-paced learning, and variety of available content, have made e-learning a high priority for many corporations. E-learning is widely believed to offer flexible “any time, any place” learning)

• 36 Answer: F
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  Q36: The combination of the traditional and e-training environments may prevail.

  
  Answer: F

   This question is about synonym issue, note that "combination" has the same meaning as "mix" and "prevail" means "gaining popularity".

  (Nowadays, a go-between style of the Blended learning, which refers to a mixing of different learning environments, is gaining popularity. It combines traditional face-to-face classroom methods with more modem computer-mediated activities)

• 37 Answer: D
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  Q37: Example of a fast electronic delivery for a company’s products to its customers.
  Answer: D

  This question may have something to do with the name of the company, so skim for it. (Today, over half of the 400-plus courses that Rockwell Collins offers are delivered instantly to its clients in an e-learning format , a change that has reduced its annual training costs by 40%. Many other success stories exist.) Besides, look closely at this sentence “delivered instantly to its clients in an e-learning format”, you can see the synonyms here: "delivered instantly" and "in an e-learning format" means the same as "fast electronic delivery", and "clients" was paraphrased as "customers"