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# | User | คะแนน | เวลา | |
---|---|---|---|---|
何 晓芳 | | 9.0 | 15:40 | |
Hiral Brahmkshatriya | | 9.0 | 15:56 | |
maria peltz | | 9.0 | 18:34 | |
4 | Purevjargal Munkhbaatar | | 9.0 | 18:42 |
5 | Dung Nguyen | | 9.0 | 19:23 |
6 | Nikhitha CR | | 9.0 | 19:43 |
7 | Балерке Кайрошева | | 9.0 | 20:55 |
8 | Larraine Lychartte | | 9.0 | 23:05 |
9 | An Phương Trương Lê | | 9.0 | 23:59 |
10 | Retno Kharisa Indira Ummairah | | 9.0 | 25:16 |
Review & Explanations:
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-F) with opinions or deeds below.
Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
A | Jim Bowler |
B | Alan Thorne |
C | Pddbo |
D | Tim Flannery |
E | Chris Stringer |
F | Rainer Grün |
1 He was searching for ancient lakes and came across the charred remains of Mungo Lady, who had been cremated.
2 Professor who hold a skeptical attitude towards reliability for DNA analysis on some fossils.
3 Professor whose determination of the age of Mungo Man to be much younger than the former result which is older than the 62,000 years.
4 Determining the age of Mungo Man has little to do with controversy for the origins of Australians.
5 Research group who recovered a biological proof of the first Neanderthal found in Europe.
6 A supporter of the idea that Australia’s megafauna was extinct due to the hunting by the ancient human beings.
7 Instead of keep arguing a single source origin, multi-regional explanation has been raised.
8 Climate change rather than prehistoric human activities resulted in megafauna’s extinction.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 9-14 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
9 The Lake Mungo remains offer the archeologists the evidence of graphic illustration of human activities around.
10 In Lake Mungo remains, weapons were found used by the Mungo.
11 Mungo Man is one of the oldest known archeological evidence in the world of cultural sophistication such as a burying ritual.
12 Mungo Man and woman’s skeletons were uncovered in the same year.
13 There is controversy among scientists about the origin of the oldest Homo sapiens.
14 Out of Africa supporters have criticised Australian professors for using an outmoded research method.
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
A
Fifty thousand years ago, a lush landscape greeted the first Australians making their way towards the south-east of the continent. Temperatures were cooler than now. Megafauna – giant prehistoric animals such as marsupial lions, goannas and the rhinoceros-sized diprotodon – were abundant. The Lake Mungo remains are three prominent sets of fossils which tell the archeologists the story: Mungo Man lived around the shores of Lake Mungo with his family. When he was young Mungo Man lost his two lower canine teeth, possible knocked out in a ritual. He grew into a man nearly 1.7m in height. Over the years his molar teeth became worn and scratched, possibly from eating a gritty diet or stripping the long leaves of water reeds with his teeth to make twine. As Mungo Man grew older his bones ached with arthritis, especially his right elbow, which was so damaged that bits of bone were completely worn out or broken away. Such wear and tear are typical of people who have used a woomera to throw spears over many years. Mungo Man reached a good age for the hard life of a hunter-gatherer and died when he was about 50. His family mourned for him, and carefully buried him in the lunette, on his back with his hands crossed in his lap, and sprinkled with red ochre. Mungo Man is the oldest known example in the world of such a ritual.
B
This treasure-trove of history was found by the University of Melbourne geologist Professor Jim Bowler in 1969. He was searching for ancient lakes and came across the charred remains of Mungo Lady, who had been cremated. And in 1974, he found a second complete skeleton, Mungo Man, buried 300 metres away. Using carbon-dating, a technique only reliable to around 40,000 years old, the skeleton was first estimated at 28,000 to 32,000 years old. The comprehensive study of 25 different sediment layers at Mungo concludes that both graves are 40,000 years old.
C
This is much younger than the 62,000 years Mungo Man was attributed within 1999 by a team led by Professor Alan Thorne, of the Australian National University. The modern-day story of the science of Mungo also has its fair share of rivalry. Because Thorne is the country’s leading opponent of the Out of Africa theory – that Homo sapiens had a single place of origin. “Dr Alan Thorne supports the multi-regional explanation (that modern humans arose simultaneously in Africa, Europe and Asia from one of our predecessors, Homo erectus, who left Africa more than 1.5 million years ago.) if Mungo Man was descended from a person who had left Africa in the past 200,000 years, Thorne argues, then his mitochondrial DNA should have looked like that of the other samples.”
D
However, Out of Africa supporters are not about to let go of their beliefs because of the Australian research, Professor Chris Stringer, from the Natural History Museum in London, UK, said that the research community would want to see the work repeated in other labs before major conclusions were drawn from the Australian research. But even assuming the DNA sequences were correct, Professor Stringer said it could just mean that there was much more genetic diversity in the past than was previously realised. There is no evidence here that the ancestry of these Australian fossils goes back a million or two million years. It’s much more likely that modern humans came out of Africa.” For Bowler, these debates are irritating speculative distractions from the study’s main findings. At 40,000 years old, Mungo Man and Mungo Lady remain Australian’s oldest human burials and the earliest evidence on Earth of cultural sophistication, he says. Modern humans had not even reached North America by this time. In 1997, Pddbo’s research group recovered an mtDNA fingerprint from the Feldholer Neanderthal skeleton uncovered in Germany in 1865 – the first Neanderthal remains ever found.
E
In its 1999 study, Thorne’s team used three techniques to date Mungo Man at 62,000 years old, and it stands by its figures. It dated bone, teeth enamel and some sand. Bowler has strongly challenged the results ever since. Dating human bones is “notoriously unreliable”, he says. As well, the sand sample Thorne’s group dated was taken hundreds of metres from the burial site. “You don’t have to be a gravedigger … to realize the age of the sand is not the same as the age of the grave,” says Bowler.
F
Thorne counters that Bowler’s team used one dating technique, while he used three. The best practice is to have at least two methods produce the same result. A Thorne team member, Professor Rainer Grün, says the fact that the latest results were consistent between laboratories doesn’t mean they are absolutely correct. We now have two data sets that are contradictory. I do not have a plausible explanation.” Now, however, Thorne says the age of Mungo Man is irrelevant to this origins debate. Recent fossils find show modern humans were in China 110,000 years ago. “So he has got a long time to turn up in Australia. It doesn’t matter if he is 40,000 or 60,000 years old.
G
Dr Tim Flannery, a proponent of the controversial theory that Australia’s megafauna were wiped out 46,000 years ago in a “blitzkrieg” of hunting by the arriving people, also claims the new Mungo dates support this view. In 2001 a member of Bowler’s team, Dr Richard Roberts of Wollongong University, along with Flannery, director of the South Australian Museum, published research on their blitzkrieg theory. They dated 28 sites across the continent, arguing their analysis showed the megafauna died out suddenly 46,000 years ago. Flannery praises the Bowler team’s research on Mungo Man as “the most thorough and rigorous dating” of ancient human remains. He says the finding that humans arrived at Lake Mungo between 46,000 and 50,000 years ago was a critical time in Australia’s history. There is no evidence of a dramatic climatic change then, he says. “It’s my view that humans arrived and extinction took place in almost the same geological instant.”
H
Bowler, however, is skeptical of Flannery’s theory and says the Mungo study provides no definitive new evidence to support it. He argues that climate change at 40,000 years ago was more intense than had been previously realized and could have played a role in the megafauna’s demise. “To blame the earliest Australians for their complete extinction is drawing a longbow.”
Comments:
While some sports are typically played in teams, others are usually done by individuals. There are, of course, benefits to both team sports and individual ones, and this essay will explore both, before coming to the conclusion that team sports are slightly more beneficial.
When most people think of sports, they probably first imagine some kind of team sport, like football, basketball, or rugby. These are by far the most popular and so we often watch them on TV or play them with our friends. But they are not merely fun to play and to watch; in fact, they also help us to develop important life skills. Especially for children, playing team sports is an invaluable way to develop interpersonal skills. Working together with teammates helps them to relate to others better, as they will be able to communicate well and delegate responsibilities. These are skills that will serve them well in their professional and private lives as teenagers and then adults.
While players of individual sports will not gain these benefits, they will nonetheless get some important perks from their chosen sport. In sports like golf and long-distance running, people learn valuable lessons. They will learn determination and self-reliance, as well as improving their ability to concentrate over long, often lonely, periods of time. Although the ability to work as a team is considered one of the most valuable talents in business these days, independence and self-motivation will always be useful life-skills to possess.
In conclusion, all sports offer different benefits; however, sports that are played in teams are probably more useful than those done by individuals because the benefits which they provide us are slightly more valued in the wider world.
The diagram shows how to make dough for a pizza and there are seven procedures to follow. On the first hand all the ingridients has being mixed for a certain amount of time and in different methods. After the mixing processes had finished dough has being kept to maximize larger in size and finally cut to equal peices.
The ingredients used for making the dough are 500 grams of flour, 325 grams of water, 2 teaspoon of salt and 1/2 teaspoon of dry active yeast. The first phases of the dogh making pracess evalutaed in 7 sections. 1st phase: put all the ingredients in a stand mixer. 2nd phase: Mix all the ingridients in the stand mixer in slow speed for 2 minutes. 3rd phase: Mix the dough on midium speed to for 5 minutes. 4th phase: In this stage mix the dough again for 2 minutes in slow speed.
The 5th phase is the most compulsory stage in making dough which is to let the dough rise minimum of 2 hours. 6th phase: kneading the dough to remove all air bubbles. The final phase is to cut the dough in 3 equal pieces, each pieces should be weigh around 275 grams.
The task one illustrates the process of how to knee perfect dough to bake a sizzling Italian pizza. This whole process consists on the seven steps. Firstly all the ingredients; floor, water, salt and dry yeast are putted in a mixer, by following the exact measurements. After running the mixer on a low speed for almost two minutes, its speed accelerated to medium for more five minutes. As the quality of pizza dough depends upon the how perfectly it has been mixed or kneed, so it required running the mixer on a slow mode for another two minutes. After mixing it for overall 9-10 minutes, it is putted on rest for minimum two hours. If after this period of time, the dough is doubled in size, it means this dough is ready for the next step. Later the dough is kneed with hands to remove all air bubbles. It is stretched on the board so that it can be cut into three equal pieces.
The given diagram illustrate the steps to make a pizza dough.
overall, it is clear from the diagram that the prossess consists of seven stages, begining with puting the dough ingredients in the mixer, and ending up with cuting the dough into three equal pieces.
according to what is shown, the first step to make a pizza dough is to put a 4 cups of flour, 1 1/2 cups of water, 2 tsp of salt and 1/2 tsp dry active yeast into a stand mixer. secoundly, mix it for two minutes on slow speed, then mix it in medium speed for five minutes. After that return into low speed for a minimum of two minutes.
After that let the dough to rise in minimum for 2 hours, meanwhile it should be double in size. Then work the dough to remove all the air bubbles, finally cut it into 3 equal pieces, or 275 grams each.
Task 1
The picture here guides us to prepare a perfect dough for a pizza. The process is very simple and explained in the picture with 7 easy steps. Firstly, the top for pictorial representation helps us understand the ingredients. It says (picture) we need to take 4 cups weighing 500 grams of all-purpose flour in a stand mixer bowl. We have to pour one and half cups of water to it along with 2 tablespoons of salt and half tablespoon of dry active yeast to the stand mixer. Make sure to water content should be 325 grams as per the represented in picture.
Now, we have successfully prepared the mix of ingredients in the stand mixer bowl which was our 1st step. Next for step 2 and 3, we start the mixer and run it for 2 minutes on a slow speed and then we accelerate the speed up to medium for 5 minutes. After completing this, for step 4, we simply lower the speed back to the slow for the last 2 minutes to have the dough ready to rest. The picture represents for the step 5, we have to take out the dough from the stand mixer and keep it aside for 2 hours to rest and allow it to rise to the size of its double.
Now step 6 is a crucial step for our perfect dough, we have to work with the dough with hands to remove all the air bubbles which a there due to the raise in the dough. Once done with beating the dough, cut it into 3 equal pieces for 275 grams each for the pizza.
Task 2
The statement here, in my opinion, is not agreeable as sports is its own benefits whether played alone or in a team both. This statement may question the persons talent, there should not be a any difference or judgements passed on sports persons talent.
The current number and type of sports played have increased by a huge number. These sports include both individually played games and team games as well. I will like to speak upon team games first, people are huge fan of team games and respect the play and their players together. In a team game all the efforts of the team players must be acknowledged as it is played. A team game can be represented as a symbol of unity and if a team doesn't play with each other unitedly then there are high number of chances of losing the game. A team sports teaches humans to stay together, respect and stay as a one team, with these virtues they all play for the team and for their nations. Players of the team are accounted with their own talent but with the team. Speaking of individual games, these players are also praised and loved by the people across the nation because of their talent, but these players also represent their nation which has to be understood by the people.
The only reason such a statement is passed over sports faternity is because they all are human at a individual level and humans make mistake. In a team, there are chances one player might have a problem with another player and such an issue might affect they unity as a team and spoil the game. There are chances a player may be blamed for the failure of not getting along with the team or have fear of not being recognized. Such fear of blame or being known, may question the sportsmanship of a sports person, and compel people to choose a individual sport. But the things which has to be understood by the people is that sports person should be defined by their talents. It's not always the inter-human relationship issue, people in individual games are there because of their true talent not because they choose to play alone in order to be away from such inter-personal issue.
All in all, sports are a place where people can present their countries proudly being in a team or an individual. Sportsmanship is always in playing for the nation and then for themselves.
Hey guys
Please score this writing.
The process demonstrates how to make dough for pizza, which consists in seven important procedures to follow. It can be clearly seen, that every step must be done rigorously to get adequate doubt.
First of all, is important to collect all the ingredients to follow the instructions, and then place them into a stand mixer. Four cups of 500 grams of flour should be filled with one cup and a half of water, two teaspoons of salt, and half a teaspoon of dry active yeast. Once this process is done and all the ingredients were combined in a blender, it should be there mixing approximately for two minutes in low mode. Then mix again for five more minutes at a medium speed, Since is done, stir again for two minutes in low mode.
When blender time is over, is time to take it away from the blender and leave the dough at least for two hours rising, after this time it should look double the size as it was. Secondly, when the dough is done, the next step is to work the dough with hands to take away all the air accumulated and converted into bubbles. Once is kneaded and got a smooth dough with no air anymore, The dough must be cut and divided into three pieces equally or separated into 275 grams each.
The process demonstrates how to make dough for pizza, which consists in seven important procedures to follow. It can be clearly seen, that every step must be done rigorously to get the adequate doubt.
First of all, is important to collect all the ingredients to follow the instructions, and then place them into a stand mixer. Four cups of 500 grams of flour should be filled with one cup and a half of water, two teaspoons of salt, and half a teaspoon of dry active yeast. Once this process is done and all the ingredients were combined in a blender, it should be there mixing approximately for two minutes in low mode. Then mix again for five more minutes at a medium speed, Since is done, stir again for two minutes in low mode.
When blender time is over, is time to take it away from the blender and leave the dough at least for two hours rising, after this time it should look double the size as it was. Secondly, when the dough is done, the next step is to work the dough with hands to take away all the air accumulated and converted into bubbles. Once is kneaded and got a smooth dough with no air anymore, The dough must be cut and divided into three pieces equally or separated into 275 grams each.
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Sport is the beneficial part of our life to remain healthy and fit. Now a days people play many kinds of sport like horse riding, soccer and cricket which makes human body active. Many people think that is it good to play games which are played in groups. However, some please believes that the single game to play. In my opinion, playing single game is better as one-man effort is counted.
First of all, the single game is good for both heath and the player as if there will be any mistake made by the man can count his own loss. A person only has to put all of the effort on his body in order to win the game. Furthermore, swimming is that sport in which all of the man body part moves and his success is on his health. For example, in the previous common wealth game Canadian man heath was good his body movement is that good that he become first.
On the other hand, in group games each of the participant has his own role to handle the game and to compete his opponent like in football. In addition to this, one wrong move of the member of the team can get his team out of the game. For example, the bad move of goal keeper and all the defenders result in the loss of the Brazil team in Fifa world cup.
To conclude with that the single sport is better as compere to the team as in team game on wrong move of a person can make the whole team lose the game.
The above diagram depict what steps are require for making dough for pizza. Some essential items which are require i.e. water, flour, salt and yeast.
In first, take 4 cups 500 gram of flour, 1 ½ cups (325 gram) of water, 2 table spoon of salt and 1/2 table spoon of yeast into the bowl of stand mixer and mix it for 2 minutes in slow speed. Then after 2 minutes speed the machine up to medium for 4 minutes and after passing 4 minutes speed back to the slow for 2 minutes. After mixing, leave it for minimum 4 hours to dry so that it gains the double size. Start pressing the dough with your hand so that the bubble in it should eliminate and then cut it into 3 pieces.
In conclusion, these are the easy step for making dough so that you can easily cook pizza.
While some sports are typically played in teams, others are usually done by individuals. There are, of course, benefits to both team sports and individual ones, and this essay will explore both, before coming to the conclusion that team sports are slightly more beneficial.
When most people think of sports, they probably first imagine some kind of team sport, like football, basketball, or rugby. These are by far the most popular and so we often watch them on TV or play them with our friends. But they are not merely fun to play and to watch; in fact, they also help us to develop important life skills. Especially for children, playing team sports is an invaluable way to develop interpersonal skills. Working together with teammates helps them to relate to others better, as they will be able to communicate well and delegate responsibilities. These are skills that will serve them well in their professional and private lives as teenagers and then adults.
While players of individual sports will not gain these benefits, they will nonetheless get some important perks from their chosen sport. In sports like golf and long-distance running, people learn valuable lessons. They will learn determination and self-reliance, as well as improving their ability to concentrate over long, often lonely, periods of time. Although the ability to work as a team is considered one of the most valuable talents in business these days, independence and self-motivation will always be useful life-skills to possess.
In conclusion, all sports offer different benefits; however, sports that are played in teams are probably more useful than those done by individuals because the benefits which they provide us are slightly more valued in the wider world.