Answer Keys:
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 B
- 2 A
- 3 F
- 4 C
- 5 TRUE
- 6 NOT GIVEN
- 7 TRUE
- 8 FALSE
- 9 B
- 10 B
- 11 C
- 12 D
- 13 A
Answer Keys
- 1 B
- 2 A
- 3 F
- 4 C
- 5 TRUE
- 6 NOT GIVEN
- 7 TRUE
- 8 FALSE
- 9 B
- 10 B
- 11 C
- 12 D
- 13 A
Part 2: Question 14 - 26
- 14 F
- 15 B
- 16 G
- 17 C
- 18 NOT GIVEN
- 19 YES
- 20 NO
- 21 YES
- 22 (star-stock) analysts
- 23 star performer
- 24 working environment
- 25 salary
- 26 rivals
Answer Keys
- 14 F
- 15 B
- 16 G
- 17 C
- 18 NOT GIVEN
- 19 YES
- 20 NO
- 21 YES
- 22 (star-stock) analysts
- 23 star performer
- 24 working environment
- 25 salary
- 26 rivals
Part 3: Question 27 - 40
- 27 D
- 28 C
- 29 B
- 30 C
- 31 C
- 32 B
- 33 E
- 34 D
- 35 F
- 36 NOT GIVEN
- 37 YES
- 38 YES
- 39 NO
- 40 NO
Answer Keys
- 27 D
- 28 C
- 29 B
- 30 C
- 31 C
- 32 B
- 33 E
- 34 D
- 35 F
- 36 NOT GIVEN
- 37 YES
- 38 YES
- 39 NO
- 40 NO
Questions 1-4
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 Substance released to help plants themselves.
2 Scent helps plant’s pollination.
3 Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance.
4 Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection.
- 1 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1: Substance released to help plants themselves.
Paragraph B: The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
“Substance” refers to “volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant” such as “terpenes” in injured pine tree’s “resin” and “(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate” in “tobacco volatiles”
Answer: B
- 2 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2: Scent helps plant’s pollination.
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Scent”.
“Scent” – “scented flowers”
Matching keywords:
“help plant’s pollination” – “help the plant attract pollinators”
Answer: A
- 3 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3: Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance
Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “genetic” and “fragrance”.
“Practice” refers to “genetic manipulation” such as “petunia and carnation plants” with “linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri” and “tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases”
Answer: F
- 4 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4: Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection
Paragraph C: Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “herbivore”
Only this paragraph mentioned “herbivore”
After that, paragraph C describes many examples to explain how “Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection” such as
+ “parasitic wasps”
+ “ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol”
Answer: C
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
5 We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators.
6 Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
7 Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest.
8 Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
- 5 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5: We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “scent attracts pollinators”
Matching key words:
“few” – “little”
“evidence” – “scientific proof of it exists”
“Answer: TRUE
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q6: Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
Paragraph B: Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Heliothis virescens”
Only paragraph B contain information about “Heliothis virescens”, “laying eggs” and “tobacco”; however, it doesn’t mention whether “Heliothis virescens” will eat those tobacco leaves or not. This paragraph only describes the way “tobacco volatiles” “deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants”
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 7 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7: Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest
Paragraph C: Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “ants” and “rainforest”
Only paragraph C contain information about “ants”
“volatiles” refers to “methyl salicylate” which is “a reward offered by the tree”
“guard plants” – “attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter”
Answer: TRUE
- 8 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8: Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
Paragraph D: Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production.
Note:
“only affects fruit trees’ production” contradicts “as well as” crop yield
Answer: FALSE
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q9: How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
| Paragraph C: These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “wasps” Only paragraph C contain information about “wasps” by using example to explain “volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs” Answer: B | |
What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States.
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q10: What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States
| Paragraph D: A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “honeybees” Only paragraph C contain information about “honeybees” Answer: B | |
Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11: Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
| Paragraph E: Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “artificial” Only paragraph E contain information about drawbacks of “artificial fragrance” Answer: C | |
The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12: The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
| Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “$30 billion” Paragraph F describes the scent “play an important aesthetic role in human life”. As can be seen that “$30 billion” was added to emphasize the “important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance” Answer: D | |
What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13: What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
| Paragraph F: The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. |
Note: We can search “linalool” as the key word to locate the position in the passage Answer: A | |
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Tips for improving your ielts score
Review & Explanations:
Questions 1-4
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 Substance released to help plants themselves.
2 Scent helps plant’s pollination.
3 Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance.
4 Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection.
- 1 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1: Substance released to help plants themselves.
Paragraph B: The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
“Substance” refers to “volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant” such as “terpenes” in injured pine tree’s “resin” and “(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate” in “tobacco volatiles”
Answer: B
- 2 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2: Scent helps plant’s pollination.
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Scent”.
“Scent” – “scented flowers”
Matching keywords:
“help plant’s pollination” – “help the plant attract pollinators”
Answer: A
- 3 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3: Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance
Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “genetic” and “fragrance”.
“Practice” refers to “genetic manipulation” such as “petunia and carnation plants” with “linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri” and “tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases”
Answer: F
- 4 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4: Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection
Paragraph C: Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “herbivore”
Only this paragraph mentioned “herbivore”
After that, paragraph C describes many examples to explain how “Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection” such as
+ “parasitic wasps”
+ “ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol”
Answer: C
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
5 We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators.
6 Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
7 Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest.
8 Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
- 5 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5: We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “scent attracts pollinators”
Matching key words:
“few” – “little”
“evidence” – “scientific proof of it exists”
“Answer: TRUE
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q6: Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
Paragraph B: Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Heliothis virescens”
Only paragraph B contain information about “Heliothis virescens”, “laying eggs” and “tobacco”; however, it doesn’t mention whether “Heliothis virescens” will eat those tobacco leaves or not. This paragraph only describes the way “tobacco volatiles” “deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants”
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 7 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7: Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest
Paragraph C: Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “ants” and “rainforest”
Only paragraph C contain information about “ants”
“volatiles” refers to “methyl salicylate” which is “a reward offered by the tree”
“guard plants” – “attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter”
Answer: TRUE
- 8 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8: Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
Paragraph D: Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production.
Note:
“only affects fruit trees’ production” contradicts “as well as” crop yield
Answer: FALSE
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q9: How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
| Paragraph C: These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “wasps” Only paragraph C contain information about “wasps” by using example to explain “volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs” Answer: B | |
What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States.
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q10: What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States
| Paragraph D: A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “honeybees” Only paragraph C contain information about “honeybees” Answer: B | |
Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11: Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
| Paragraph E: Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “artificial” Only paragraph E contain information about drawbacks of “artificial fragrance” Answer: C | |
The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12: The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
| Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “$30 billion” Paragraph F describes the scent “play an important aesthetic role in human life”. As can be seen that “$30 billion” was added to emphasize the “important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance” Answer: D | |
What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13: What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
| Paragraph F: The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. |
Note: We can search “linalool” as the key word to locate the position in the passage Answer: A | |
Questions 14-17
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 One example from non-commerce/business settings that better system win bigger stars
15 One failed company that believes stars rather than the system
16 One suggestion that the author made to acquire employees than to win the competition nowadays
17 One metaphor to human medical anatomy that illustrates the problems of hiring stars.
- 14 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
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Q14: One example from non-commerce/business settings that better system win bigger stars.
While Chelsea and Real have the funds to be compulsive star collectors, they are less successful than Arsenal and United which have put much more emphasis on developing a setting within which. There is no settled system for the stars to blend into stars-in-the-making can flourish. (F)
Note:
In this paragraph, the author takes an example of 2 groups of football teams: Chelsea - Real Madrid and Arsenal - Manchester United to show the contrast between bigger stars (the former group) and better system (the latter).
Answer: F
- 15 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
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Q15: One failed company that believes stars rather than the system.
“Enron believed in stars because they didn’t believe in systems.” (B)
Note:
Enron believed in stars instead of the systems. However, the opposite is true when you can’t win the talent wars by hiring stars. You will only lose it if you do that.
When the question asks an example of a company, a corporation, etc., you should look for its name
Answer: B
- 16 Answer: G
Keywords in Questions
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Q16: One suggestion that the author made to acquire employees than to win the competition nowadays.
So if not by hiring stars, how do you compete in the war for talent? You grow your own.
Note:
Instead of hiring stars, the author suggests that each company should raise their own ones so they will not have to be worried about other companies stealing their stars with a higher salary.
Answer: G
- 17 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
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Q17: One metaphor to human medical anatomy that illustrates the problems of hiring stars.
One respondent likened hiring a star to an organ transplant. The new organ can damage others by hogging the blood supply, other organs can start aching or threaten to stop working or the body can reject the transplants altogether. (C)
Note:
Matching words:
Liken - metaphor
Human medical anatomy - an organ transplant
When the author mentions “a metaphor”, he/ she means a hidden comparison. The problem of hiring stars is that they can damage others, and the company (the body) may not function normally as before because it will not be easy for new and old stars to work together.
Answer: C
Questions 18-21
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
18 McKinsey who wrote The War for Talent had not expected the huge influence made by this book.
19 Economic condition becomes one of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hire foreign employees.
20 The collapse of Enron is caused totally by an unfortunate incident instead of company’s management mistake.
21 Football clubs that focus making stars in the setting are better than simply collecting stars
- 18 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
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Q18: McKinsey who wrote The War for Talent had not expected the huge influence made by this book.
In paragraph (A), the author does mention the consultancy McKinsey which is famous for its reports “The War for Talent”.
Note:
However, there is no information about whether McKinsey was surprised by the success of the book or not.
When there is a particular name in the question, you should locate the name to see which paragraph it is in, then read that paragraph to find the answer.
Answer: Not given (NG)
- 19 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
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Q19: Economic condition becomes one of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hire foreign employees.
As the economy tightens: labour shortages are the reason the government has laid out the welcome mat for immigrants from the new Europe. (A)
Note:
Matching words:
Economic condition - labour shortages
Factor - reason
Hire foreign employees - lay out the welcome mat for immigrants
Answer: Yes (Y)
- 20 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q20: The collapse of Enron is caused totally by an unfortunate incident instead of the company's management mistake.
Enron is an example of a company which believed in stars, didn’t believe in systems and hired only the best people. (B) However, the star system like this rarely benefits the company and the consequences indirectly affect everyone. (E)
Note:
We can see that the failure of Enron does not come from an unfortunate incident but from the belief as well as the management of the company.
This is a difficult question because you have to find the answer in more than one paragraph (B and E). There is no information on any unfortunate incidents that happened to Enron.
Answer: No (N)
- 21 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
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Q21: Football clubs that focus on making stars in the setting are better than simply collecting stars.
While Chelsea and Real have the funds to be compulsive star collectors, they are less successful than Arsenal and United which have put much more emphasis on developing a setting within which stars-in-the-making can flourish.
From this information, you can see that Arsenal and United, which nurture stars, are better than Chelsea and Real, which collect stars.
Note:
Paragraph (F) mentions the football aspect of star vs system, so you should only read this paragraph to find the answer.
Matching words:
Collecting stars - star collectors
Making stars - stars-in-the-making can flourish
Answer: Yes (Y)
Questions 22-26
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
An investigation carried out on 1000 22 . Participants of a survey by Harvard Business Review found a company hire a 23 has negative effects. For instance, they behave considerably worse in a new team than in the 24 that they used to be. They move faster than wall street and increase their 25 . Secondly, they faced rejections or refuse from those 26 within the team. Lastly, the one who made mistakes had been punished by selling his/her stock share.
- 22 Answer: (star-stock) analysts
Keywords in Questions
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Q22: An investigation carried out on 1000 ……….
In paragraph (A), the author mentions “a study of the careers of 1,000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s…”
Note:
After the number 1000 it must be a plural noun.
Matching word: investigation - study
When you see a number, try to find it in the passages and the word(s) behind it will be the answer
Answer: (star-stock) analysts
- 23 Answer: star performer
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q23: Participants of a survey by Harvard Business Review found a company hire a ……… has negative effects.
“New light on why this should be so is thrown by an analysis of star behaviour in this months’ Harvard Business Review. In a study of the careers of 1,000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s, the researchers found that when a company recruited a star performer, three things happened.” (A)
Note:
The question mentions “Harvard Business Review”, so you should find that name in the passage to narrow down the answer. Since there is an “a”, the answer must be a singular countable noun.
Matching words:
Survey - study
Hire - recruit
Answer: star performer
- 24 Answer: working environment
Keywords in Questions
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Q24: For instance, they behave considerably worse in a new team than in the ……… that they used to be.
In many cases, performance dropped sharply when high performers switched employers. More of success than commonly supposed is due to the working environment that is absent in and can’t be transported to the new firm. Moreover, precisely because of their past stellar performance, stars were unwilling to learn new tricks and antagonised those who could teach them. (C)
Note:
Based on the question, the answer you should be looking for must be a noun.
In this paragraph, the author lists a number of bad behaviours of a star after changing their working environment, such as a sharp drop in performance, the unwillingness to learn new tricks or the tendency to antagonise other people in the new workplace.
Answer: working environment
- 25 Answer: salary
Keywords in Questions
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Q25: They move faster than Wall Street and increase their ………
So they moved, upping their salary as they did – 36 per cent moved on within three years, fast even for Wall Street. (C)
Note:
The answer must be in a noun form.
The question mentions specifically the name “Wall Street”, which cannot be paraphrased, you should look for it to narrow down the answer.
Matching word: increase - upping
It is said in paragraph (C) that star performers were unwilling to learn new tricks and they did things that might upset people (antagonised) who could teach them, so they increased their salary
Answer: salary
- 26 Answer: rivals
Keywords in Questions
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Q26: Secondly, they faced rejections or refuse from those ……… within the team.
Second, group performance suffered as a result of tensions and resentment by rivals within the team.
Note:
After the first thing happened, you should look for the answer in the second thing (secondly)
Matching words: rejections or refuse - tensions and resentment
It is said directly “by rivals” before the word “within the team”, so the answer is rivals
Answer: rivals
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
The children, especially boys received good education may
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q27: The children, especially boys received good education may A always comply with their parents’ words B be good at math C have a high score at school D disobey their parents’ order sometimes | Despite good education, these children did not follow the words from their parents on several occasion, especially boys in certain ages. |
Note: The keywords we need to find here are “children” and “good education”. It is quite easy to find them in paragraph B. disobey - did not follow the words from their parents Hence, the answer is D Answer: D | |
Face to their children’s compliance and noncompliance, parents
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q28: Face to their children’s compliance and noncompliance, parents A must be aware of the compliance B ask for help from their teachers C some of them may ignore their noncompliance D pretend not to see | A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their children’s noncompliance. |
Note: For this question, we need to find the parts that talk about “parents” and “compliance and noncompliance”. overlook - ignore Hence, the answer is C Answer: C | |
According to Henry Porter, noncompliance for children
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q29: According to Henry Porter, noncompliance for children A are entirely harmful B may have positive effects C needs medicine assistance D should be treated by an expert doctor | Said Henry Porter, a scholar working in Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance means growth in some way, may have benefit for children. |
Note: For this question, it is quite easy to find the name “Henry Porter” in paragraph C. If we read further, we will see that he said noncompliance may have benefit for children. benefit - positive effects So, the answer is B Answer: B | |
When children are growing up, they
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q30: When children are growing up, they A always try to directly say no B are more skillful to negotiate C learn to cheat instead of noncompliance D tend to keep silent | When they are growing up. During the period that children are getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly. |
Note: For this question, once you locate the parts that talk about when children are growing up, it is easy to find that they are “more skillful to negotiate” Answer: B | |
Which is the possible reaction the passage mentioned for elder children and younger ones if they don’t want to comply with the order
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q31: Which is the possible reaction the passage mentioned for elder children and younger ones if they don’t want to comply with the order A elder children prefer to refuse directly B elder ones refuse to answer C younger children may reject directly D younger ones may save any words | Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger. |
Note: As in the previous question, older children are more skillful to negotiate and give reasons so A and B are not correct. Next, we read the sentence about younger children in the same paragraph. It is said that younger children prefer to say directly. Hence, the answer is C. Answer: C | |
Questions 32-35
Look at the following people and list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
32 Henry Porter
33 Wallace Friesen
34 Steven Walson
35 Paul Edith
| List of statements | |
| A | children of all ages will indirectly show noncompliance |
| B | elder children tend to negotiate rather than show noncompliance |
| C | converse behavior means noncompliance |
| D | organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities |
| E | organizing child’s daily activities in the same order as much as possible. |
| F | use praise in order to make children compliant |
| G | take the children to school at an early age |
- 32 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
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Q32: Henry Potter
B elder children tend to negotiate rather than show noncompliance
“Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries. When they are growing up. During the period that children are getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly.” Said Henry Porter,
Note:
Again, we can find Henry Potter in the same parts as the previous three questions.
show compliance - show opposite idea directly
Answer: B
- 33 Answer: E
Keywords in Questions
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Q33: Wallace Friesen
E organizing child’s daily activities in the same order as much as possible.
His collaborator Wallace Friesen believed that Organizing a child’s daily activities so that they occur in the same order each day as much as possible.
Note:
Locate the name “Wallace Friesen” and the rest are the same as in the question.
Answer: E
- 34 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
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Q34: Steven Walson
D organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities
Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities.
Note:
Locate the name “Steven Walson” and the rest are the same as in the question.
Answer: D
- 35 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
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Q35: Paul Edith
F use praise in order to make children compliant
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children comply with.
Note:
Locate the name Paul Edith and you can easily find his idea about using praise to make children comply with
comply with - compliant
Answer: F
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet, write
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
36 Socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the beginning of it.
37 Many parents were difficult to be aware of compliance or noncompliance.
38 Noncompliant Children are simple to deal with the relationship with the people at the same age when they are growing up.
39 Experts never tried drilling compliance into children.
40 Psychologist Paul Edith negated the importance that knowing how to praise children in an encouraging way.
- 36 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q36: Socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the beginning of it.
Many Scientists believe that socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the outset of it.
Note:
“Many Scientists believe” so this is the opinion of “many scientists”. It is not a claim of the writer.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 37 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q37: Many parents were difficult to be aware of compliance or noncompliance.
A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their children’s noncompliance.
Note:
difficult - not easy
overlook: ignore
Answer: YES
- 38 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
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Q38: Noncompliant Children are simple to deal with the relationship with the people at the same age when they are growing up.
Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries when they are growing up
Note:
The keywords we should look for are “noncompliant children” and “when they are growing up”
contemporaries - people at the same age
easy - simple
Answer: YES
- 39 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q39: Experts never tried drilling compliance into children.
Many Experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they tried drilling compliance into children.
Note:
In the sentence we found in the passage, experts tried drilling compliance into children but the statement in the question says they never did that. Hence, the answer is NO.
Answer: NO
- 40 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q40: Psychologist Paul Edith negated the importance that knowing how to praise children in an encouraging way.
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children comply with.
Note:
negate: show something to be wrong
insist: say firmly about something
The verbs in the statement in the question and the sentence in the passage have opposite meanings. So, according to the writer, Paul Edith actually supported the importance of praise instead of showing it to be wrong. Hence, the answer is NO.
Answer: NO
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 -13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Plant Scents
A
Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell “sweet,” and those that attract certain flies seem “rotten” to us.
B
The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
C
Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
D
Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States.
E
One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance existing floral scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests.
F
Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
G
The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organs – such as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore-repellent compounds.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
We have Star performers!
A
The difference between companies is people. With capital and technology in plentiful supply, the critical resource for companies in the knowledge era will be human talent. Companies full of achievers will, by definition, outperform organisations of plodders. Ergo, compete ferociously for the best people. Poach and pamper stars; ruthlessly weed out second-raters. This, in essence, has been the recruitment strategy of the ambitious company of the past decade. The ‘talent mindset’ was given definitive form in two reports by the consultancy McKinsey famously entitled The War for Talent. Although the intensity of the warfare subsequently subsided along with the air in the internet bubble, it has been warming up again as the economy tightens: labour shortages, for example, are the reason the government has laid out the welcome mat for immigrants from the new Europe.
B
Yet while the diagnosis – people are important – is evident to the point of platitude, the apparently logical prescription – hire the best – like so much in management is not only not obvious: it is in fact profoundly wrong. The first suspicions dawned with the crash to earth of the dotcom meteors, which showed that dumb is dumb whatever the IQ of those who perpetrate it. The point was illuminated in brilliant relief by Enron, whose leaders, as a New Yorker article called ‘The Talent Myth’ entertainingly related, were so convinced of their own cleverness that they never twigged that collective intelligence is not the sum of a lot of individual intelligence. In fact, in a profound sense, the two are opposites. Enron believed in stars, noted author Malcolm Gladwell, because they didn’t believe in systems. But companies don’t just create: ‘they execute and compete and coordinate the efforts of many people, and the organisations that are most successful at that task are the ones where the system is the star’. The truth is that you can’t win the talent wars by hiring stars – only lose it. New light on why this should be so is thrown by an analysis of star behaviour in this months’ Harvard Business Review. In a study of the careers of 1,000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s, the researchers found that when a company recruited a star performer, three things happened.
C
First, stardom doesn’t easily transfer from one organisation to another. In many cases, performance dropped sharply when high performers switched employers and in some instances never recovered. More of success than commonly supposed is due to the working environment – systems, processes, leadership, accumulated embedded learning that are absent in and can’t be transported to the new firm. Moreover, precisely because of their past stellar performance, stars were unwilling to learn new tricks and antagonised those (on whom they now unwittingly depended) who could teach them. So they moved, upping their salary as they did – 36 per cent moved on within three years, fast even for Wall Street. Second, group performance suffered as a result of tensions and resentment by rivals within the team. One respondent likened hiring a star to an organ transplant. The new organ can damage others by hogging the blood supply, other organs can start aching or threaten to stop working or the body can reject the transplants altogether, he said. ‘You should think about it very carefully before you do a transplant to a healthy body.’ Third, investors punished the offender by selling its stock. This is ironic since the motive for importing stars was often a suffering share price in the first place. Shareholders evidently believe that the company is overpaying, the hiree is cashing in on a glorious past rather than preparing for a glowing present, and a spending spree is in the offing.
D
The result of mass star hirings as well as individual ones seems to confirm such doubts. Look at County NatWest and Barclays de Zoete Wedd, both of which hired teams of stars with loud fanfare to do great things in investment banking in the 1990s. Both failed dismally. Everyone accepts the cliche that people make the organisation – but much more does the organisation make the people. When researchers studied the performance of fund managers in the 1990s, they discovered that just 30 per cent of the variation in fund performance was due to the individual, compared to 70 per cent to the company-specific setting.
E
That will be no surprise to those familiar with systems thinking. W Edwards Deming used to say that there was no point in beating up on people when 90 per cent of performance variation was down to the system within which they worked. Consistent improvement, he said, is a matter not of raising the level of individual intelligence, but of the learning of the organisation as a whole. The star system is glamorous – for the few. But it rarely benefits the company that thinks it is working it. And the knock-on consequences indirectly affect everyone else too. As one internet response to Gladwell’s New Yorker article put it: after Enron, ‘the rest of corporate America is stuck with overpaid, arrogant, underachieving, and relatively useless talent.’
F
Football is another illustration of the star vs systems strategic choice. As with investment banks and stockbrokers, it seems obvious that success should ultimately be down to money. Great players are scarce and expensive. So the club that can afford more of them than anyone else will win. But the performance of Arsenal and Manchester United on one hand and Chelsea and Real Madrid on the other proves that it’s not as easy as that. While Chelsea and Real have the funds to be compulsive star collectors – as with Juan Sebastian Veron – they are less successful than Arsenal and United which, like Liverpool before them, have put much more emphasis on developing a setting within which stars-in-the-making can flourish. Significantly, Thierry Henry, Patrick Veira and Robert Pires are much bigger stars than when Arsenal bought them, their value (in all senses) enhanced by the Arsenal system. At Chelsea, by contrast, the only context is the stars themselves – managers with different outlooks come and go every couple of seasons. There is no settled system for the stars to blend into. The Chelsea context has not only not added value, but it has also subtracted it. The side is less than the sum of its exorbitantly expensive parts. Even Real Madrid’s galacticos, the most extravagantly gifted on the planet, are being outperformed by less talented but better-integrated Spanish sides. In football, too, stars are trumped by systems.
G
So if not by hiring stars, how do you compete in the war for talent? You grow your own. This worked for investment analysts, where some companies were not only better at creating stars but also at retaining them. Because they had a much more sophisticated view of the interdependent relationship between star and system, they kept them longer without resorting to the exorbitant salaries that were so destructive to rivals.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 – 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Compliance Or Noncompliance For Children
A
Many Scientists believe that socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the outset of it. Accordingly, compliance for the education of children is the priority. Motivationally distinct forms of child compliance, mutually positive affect, and maternal control, observed in 3 control contexts in 103 dyads of mothers and their 26-41-month-old children, were examined as correlates of internalization, assessed using observations of children while alone with prohibited temptations and maternal ratings. One form of compliance (committed compliance), when the child appeared committed wholeheartedly to the maternal agenda and eager to endorse and accept it, was emphasized. Mother-child mutually positive affect was both a predictor and a concomitant of committed compliance. Children who shared positive effect with their mothers showed a high level of committed compliance and were also more internalized. Differences and similarities between children’s compliance with requests and prohibitions (“Do” vs. “Don’t” demand contexts) were also explored. Maternal “Dos” appeared more challenging to toddlers than the “Don’ts.” Some individual coherence of behavior was also found across both demand contexts. The implication of committed compliance for emerging internalized regulators of conduct is discussed.
B
A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their children’s noncompliance. Despite good education, these children did not follow the words from their parents on several occasion, especially boys in certain ages. Fortunately, this rate was acceptable, some parents could be patient with the noncompliance. Someone held that noncompliance is probably not a wrong thing. In order to determine the effects of different parental disciplinary techniques on young children’s compliance and noncompliance, mothers were trained to observe emotional incidents involving their own toddler-aged children. Reports of disciplinary encounters were analyzed in terms of the types of discipline used (reasoning, verbal prohibition, physical coercion, love withdrawal, and combinations thereof) and children’s responses to that discipline (compliance/ noncompliance and avoidance). The relation between compliance/ noncompliance and type of misdeed (harm to persons, harm to property, and lapses of self-control) was also analyzed. Results indicated that love withdrawal combined with other techniques was most effective in securing children’s compliance and that its effectiveness was not a function of the type of technique with which it was combined. Avoidant responses and affective reunification with the parent were more likely to follow love withdrawal than any other technique. Physical coercion was somewhat less effective than love withdrawal, while reasoning and verbal prohibition were not at all effective except when both were combined with physical coercion.
C
“Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries. When they are growing up. During the period that children are getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly.” Said Henry Porter, a scholar working in Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance means growth in some way, may have benefit for children. Many Experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they tried drilling compliance into children. His collaborator Wallace Friesen believed that Organizing a child’s daily activities so that they occur in the same order each day as much as possible. This first strategy for defiant children is ultimately the most important. Developing a routine helps a child to know what to expect and increases the chances that he or she will comply with things such as chores, homework, and hygiene requests. When undesirable activities occur in the same order at optimal times during the day, they become habits that are not questioned but done without thought.
Chances are that you have developed some type of routine for yourself in terms of showering, cleaning your house, or doing other types of work. You have an idea in your mind when you will do these things on a regular basis and this helps you to know what to expect. In fact, you have probably already been using most of these compliance strategies for yourself without realizing it. For children, without setting these expectations on a daily basis by making them part of a regular routine, they can become very upset. Just like adults, children think about what they plan to do that day and expect to be able to do what they want. So, when you come along and ask them to do something they weren’t already planning to do that day, this can result in automatic refusals and other undesirable defiant behaviors. However, by using this compliance strategy with defiant children, these activities are done almost every day in the same general order and the child expects to already do them.
D
Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities. This strategy also works as a positive reinforcer when the child complies with your requests. By arranging your day so that things often refused to occur right before highly preferred activities, you are able to eliminate defiant behavior and motivate your child’s behavior of doing the undesirable activity. This is not to be presented in a way that the preferred activity is only allowed if a defiant child does the non-preferred activity. However, you can word your request in a way so that your child assumes that you have to do the non-preferred activity before moving on to the next preferred activity. For example, you do not want to say something such as, “If you clean your room we can play a game.” Instead of the word your request like this, “As soon as you are done cleaning your room we will be able to play that really fun game you wanted to play.”
E
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children comply with. This is probably a common term you are used to hearing by now. If you praise your child’s behavior, he or she will be more likely to do that behavior. So, it is essential to use praise when working with defiant children. It also provides your child with positive attention. However, it is important to know how to praise children in a way that encourages future automatic reinforcement for your child when doing a similar behavior.
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The give chart provides Information about the amount of waste produced by company A, company B and company C from 2000 to 2015.
It can be clearly seen that the amount of waste in company C increased while the amount of waste in company A decreased throughout the period.
Looking at the grap in more details, the amount of waste in company A declined moderately to about 9 between 2000 and 2010. There was a slight drop in this at about 8 in 2015. The amount of waste in company B went up sharply from around 8.5 to 10 over the following five years. The company B experienced significant decrease to 3 in 2020.
According the line graph, there was a steep growth in the amount of waste in company C at approximately 6 over a period of 5 years. In the year 2010, company C witnessed minimal rise at nearly 7. This grew markedly to almost 10 between 2010 to 2015.
The three pie charts below show the change in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991 and 2001.
The graphs illustrates the change for a United Kingdom school in the three years in 1981, 1982, and 1983.
Overall, we can clearly observe that over the period expenditure most in staff salaries. However, furniture as well as equipment increased rapidly and drops expenditure on things such as books and workers salaries.
In the three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries,but while other workers salaries say a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% in 2001 . In the three years teachers pay demand the biggest cost reaching 50% total spending in 1991 and ending 45% in 2001.
Expenditure on resources like furniture as well as equipment to 15% by 1981 which increased dramatically to 23 percentage in ending years. Nevertheless, books was 20 proportion in 1991, which significant fall in 2001 from 9 %. The total spending of insurance rose minimally over the period.
More and more people start to succumb for drugs. What the causes of this phenomenon? Gave your solutions for this factor.
On the last time in various countries consuming the drugs becoming increasingly common among youth and adults. In this essay I will try to release the causes of this factor and present some remedies. First of all, it should be noted that approximately whole problems are cause by older generation. They convey misbehavior in form of that they experience necessary feelings to consume smoking either drinking that gradually switch to addiction and based on this younger generation see the pattern after which they succumb to try all of these mentioned above stuffs. Second reason may liie on the TV series, particularly in series such friends or euphoria where drugs mentioned not in less measure. Eventually, the plight retain also in the surrounding of humankind that force to them try such things like drugs to be able fight setbacks in their life individuals believe in refusing from them from this way. I consider the way out of these problems especially lies on the family side. They should have sense of responsibility when they show negative impacts for their children, take care about child mental statement to avoid of such events in the future life. second not less paramount solution is preventing the various illustrations about drugs in the movies that deteriorate right minds of individuals. Certainly people can not influence to fix others, however to beginning with they should to rise to the right way themselves after that no one can be the initiator for your businesses. Consequently, I infer humankind have a capacity to changing and transformation of their own life solely by rejection of the destroying things.
New technologies have changed the way children spend their free time . Do you think the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
In recent years, new technologies like smartphones, tablets and gaming consoles have become ubiquitous , even among children. As a result , the way children spend their leisure time has been drastically altered .While this change has brought about both benefits and drawbacks , I believe that the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages.
On the one hand, it is true that technology has its own downsides when it comes to kids. For instance, excessive screen time has been linked to poor sleep quality, impaired cognitive development , and increased risk of obesity. Children who spend too much time in front of screen may also find it too difficult to engage in other important activities such as sports, socializing with peers , and reading. Moreover, the internet can expose young people to inappropriate content, cyberbullying, and online predators.
On the other hand, there are several advantages to children spending their free time on technology. First and foremost, the use of technology devices can help develop crucial skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, and digital literacy . Many educational apps , games , and videos are available , which can enhance learning and encourage creativity. Additionally, technology provides an opportunity for social connection through online gaming communities, video chatting , and social media platforms. In today's world , where virtual communication has become increasingly important , technology enables children to stay in touch with friends and family who live far away.
In conclusion, while technology has some negative impacts on children's leisure time, its benefits outweigh its drawbacks. As long as parents monitor their children's screen time and ensure they engage in variety of activities , technology can be valuable tool for learning and socializing . Therefore , it is essential for parents and educators to embrace new technologies and encourage their responsible use among children.
Nowadays,more and more technical advertisements are spread around every place all over the world. Due to these developed technologies, most of the companies can advertise their products easier than before. I definitely agree to this point that advertising plays as a crucial role in our social lives.
If we were back to 19th century, not many advertisements were not known much and not as popular as in current time. Take us for example,
the advertisements in that time was very simple such as using only the cartoons charactors,
just encoding the main points for the products and using long theme songs for one advertisements. In the contrary, these ways could not be affected obviously to attract the people's mind to purchase their products. Why it could not be succeeded is that there were few houses owned the televisions for watching such kinds of advertisements.
Compared with such that time, today's system of advertisements are huge different dramatically. For example, the ways of advertisements are not conventional since many websites and social networks are influenced among the people's daliy life.The first point is everything can be chose and purchased smoothly with one touch on screen. Thousands of companies strive to get the high selling targets as much as they can by inserting their ads in social medias, creation their own pages and attracting with more or less amount of giveaways for subscribing their pages. Furthermore, advertising with the top celebrities is one of the ways to penetrate the marketing network. Seventy percents of people obsess about famous top stars so that the advertisements with them are able to influence the people's mind to buy the products which they advertise.The main point is that we can save our precious time by ordering the things we need from home without wasting time and energy. How splendid it is!
Taking all into account, it is more convinced to be one of the top sellers due to these developed technologies such as social networks. May be it was hard to sell even one thing to the customer.
Nevertheless, there is nothing to worry about the new products to be in the hands of the cosumers.
Through many ages, all of the situations and circumstances are transmitted from time to time.
Today many individuals think that children's parents should put restriction on their watching TV and playing video games routine and they should spend more time for read books. I totally agree with this statement because TV and video games are not very useful for children and books on the other hand are highly important for their study.
To begin with playing video games and watching TV are not useful for children because they put bad affect on eyesight as they spend more time on TV and video games. When they watch TV and playing video games, then they do not take food properly and they do not do study properly.For example, in India most three children come from their school they start watching TV and play video games due to this they lost their interest in study.As a result in coma, they cannot complete their study in good grade and they can decrease their eyesight and cannot do work properly in the future.
However, these days books are provide more knowledge to children or any person. Books are very beneficial for children because books are decrease stress and gain knowledge of children. Many type of books such as:. Poetry books, comic books, knowledgeable books, and scientific books are available in the market or libraries . For example, in the foreign country, some children gave preference to read books,they are get knowledge and start their big business in teenage and early settled in their life. Resultantly coma, reading books are very knowledgeable rather than watching TV and playing video games because books provide a discipline and knowledge to children.
In conclusion, children should read books rather than watching TV and playing video games because reading books, give more knowledge to children and watching TV and playing video games are not useful, these waste their precious time. So they can't achieve their goal in their life. If children spend more time on watching TV and playing video games, parents should prevent from this bad habit.
nowadays, children spend their most of time for playing games and no enough time for physical activitiesCurrently, most of the children’s spending thier time in video play on mobile devices and also playing game on computers, because new generation, nowadays they interest in mobile games and aslo playing movies on tv its is not essential for students, so i disagree with that. on the other hand. students who spend their time on physical activities like they playing games on outside and they are mentally and physically fit because, physically activity is more better then spending time on mobile devices.
so,i disagree with that. In my opinion,children spend thier time in physical activities,moreover when they most of time in physical activities they are fully fit and thier health is aslo good.
As we know that, technology has increasing day by day and it has made our life too much easier and comfortable. However, many researchers says that in future all transportation vehicles will be automatic drive and when travelling inside these only passengers without driver. According to me, I think it has some cons and some pros so that before commitment on my opinion I will explain my thought in this essay.
First of all, driverless travelling is a good idea because people can easily reach on their destination without driving and they don’t have trouble in future. Moreover, nowadays many people used to cars, truck and public transportation like bus, so that traffic has also increased and people stuck in traffic jam. In this situation people have to face many difficulties while driving these vehicles but when it will become a driverless people will seat inside car and enjoy with friends and family and they also will not feel bored.
On the other side, it has many drawbacks for human beings such as, many people not interested in this offer because they are not take any risk while travelling in car, truck or buses without driver. Automatic transportation will become riskier for us especially for youngsters. They like to drive faster and with automatic they will want to travelling like a flying. In addition, In my country, many individuals earn money on the basis driving. Therefore, if it become driverless they lost their earring platform.
In conclusion, I believe that it’s disadvantage of driverless vehicles outweigh the advantages because it’s become a riskier and people have to chances to lost their job as a driver.
In this contemporary epoch, it is vehemently true that the extreme amount of traffic have been created difficulties in not only few cities but in globe. The impending paragraphs intends to give a brief explanation of notions along with my personal whim.
Commencing with the paragraph, it reckons that due to extreme traffic jam the utter hustle and bustle have been created on paths. Ironically, it causes a lot of pollution in all over world. Firstly, a huge proportion of chronic disease have became a part of this reason. For instance, health organization inculcate that 85% of fetal disease are occuring due to the pollution cause by traffic. Moreover, accidents is the second major hardship for citizens. There are countless individuals who have lost there kith and kins in road accidents. However, most of the cases happens only because of the huge disturbance or traffic on the main roads and highways.
To conclude, it is a vital problem for all over world . So, individuals should be cooperative and should also give their support in controlling it. In addition to it, if more quicker Government will take these initiative steps than more rapidly the problems and hardships faced by traffic jam will fade.
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It is thought by some that inclined work opportunities and cultural contact between realms is a positive development however others opine that it leads an end to the national identity. I advocate that share our work to other Kingdom is an positive development as it gives and to war and maintain world peace . In this essay we will into both views along with general conclusion. First and foremost, by making our occupation wider there will be strong bonds in the middle of other countries which leads an end to war and people also adopt their culture and it helps them to reduce cultural barrier among regions .For instance, in Rishikesh many foreigners come and they also dress themselves like those individual which they seem in that particular nation.Thus, bus spread our work in other foreign countries we learn a lot from them and it helps to maintain world peace.Moreover, it also help to maintain economy of the country as if our occupation spread widely in other nations then it helps people to maintain the expenses as there should not be pressure on a particular person to maintain all the things and also they can sell their product at their desirable price which is helpful to the economy of country and if the public would like those thing then also there is an increase in quantity of that product. In the other hand,by spreading our business worldwidely then the national identity disguised as when we export our product to other realms then they would change the label and sometimes they inclined the tax on that particular product and they do not mention that this product is whether come from India or from any other country.To examplify,the rice is export from India and other countries sell those rice at very high cost and also they gives different tag and packaging to those rice.However,the national identity of the product is disappeared. In a nutshell, although sometimes the real verification of the product is ended but it gives more benefits to the nation if they spread their own career to other regions.
Internet contains a lot of information, however some time this information is wrong or inaccurate.
Do you agree or disagree with the above statement?
In today’s time, to keeps oneself update, with the help of modern tool internet is available with bottle load of information on the multiple websites such as Instagram, WhatsApp, G-Mail and many more. Likewise, every coin has two side, the same way when we spin on one side of coin can give useful information that can changes one life, but at the flip side one can go on toss by adapting wrong information.
To begin with, if one avails the proper information can optimize the best output from it any sector given it employer, student, or any individuals. For instance, one incident that recalled me was about the kid who don’t have huge sum of money to enroll him in big renowned institute to complete his desired course but for him problem was lack of money he cannot enrolled so to overcome with the help of his friend he was given access of internet was the main think. But with the help of his strong determination, toiling of hard work by doing self-learning from you tube as well as online education platform he was able to obtain best knowledge with resources available to him. In addition, to that internet can act as google search engine but at that same time every information available are not true.
On the flip side, some people intensely try to publish the wrong information to mislead the younger generation. For illustration, by showing how to theft, doing criminal activity in western culture. However, one inculcates wrong habits of doing wrong action to achieve faster success and become richer. Also, old traditional of printer newspaper is been replaced by e-platform. Furthermore, one should be extra alert while taking any details from the internet should have this habit of checking the source of detail and linkage that can be act as safety for the person who working for his project. Lastly, the information
To sum up, some people have this uncanny of picking the right information from the right sources in short period of time whereas some people always feel perplex to choice correct information from full flooded details.
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The Provided two maps illustrate the information of the infrastructural developments on an island.
Overall, it is been seen that after the developments of some tourist facilities the island became very commercial. This island has a lot to offer to the tourist now; pier, reception, restaurant, accommodation, and swimming area.
On the first map, the island was surrounded by some scattered vegetation along with a beach in the west.
However, on the other map, the island became very tourist friendly. There has a pier in the middle of the island which straight leads to the recaption throw a vehicle track. Besides, a restaurant is located near the reception and a vehicle track is situated there to transport to the restaurant. Two accommodation sites have also been developed on the island to stay. By using the footpath anyone can travel around the accommodation. Also, a safe swimming area has been built on the beach which is on the west side of the island where a tourist can go without any effort by using the footpath from the accommodation.
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Information regarding the percentage of various kinds of fuels namely, wood coal alongside with oil and gas is represented in the line graph provided.
In general, at the beginning of the usage of such fuels' year, wood had an upward trend with 100%. Until 1950 it encountered steadily collapse until reaching roughly 5%. Between 1950 and 2000, it was phased riseout from the utilization. In terms of coal, it started 0% in 1800 , then it showed ceaselessly uplift till crossing with wood in 1855. However, then it continued to rise until obtaining 70% in 1900. From that year, there are significantly decline with nearly 35% in 2000.
Turning to the oil and gas, they started to use 0% and leaped to almost 18 and 15%, respectively. Then, oil continued to improve with some fluctuations and gas did not use as much as oil with approximately 25% compared to 30%. To the end of the year both oil and gas reached around 33%.
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Q:In some countries, owning a home rather Than renting one is very important for people.
Why might this be the case
Do you think this is a positive or negative situation
In some nationowing a home it is crucial for people. So in their nation's owing a home rather than renting.I would belive that owing a accommodate is important for people.
On the one hand there are several reasons why people choose owing home is important rather than renting one.First and formost when people fall any problems and difficulties, such as small rooms,water problems and anything else.They can not their home.It is very doleful. In the other word they will pay specific money for rent.It is create extra pressure. For instane they cannot save money.At the end of the month they have to rent a house.As a result people have face insecure and they have not any freedom.Sometimes they want to their home decorated and polished but cannot.
In addition, i strongly beilve that owing accommodate is very important.One of the main reasons, while people owing a home,then they can stay here for a long time. In this way they cannot save money for rent.It is evidence that when i live in a rented house,i haf to pay 1500 per month. But now i do not have to pay.As a consequences when they want to decorated their home they can.And the biggest reason is that there is a lot of freedom.
In conclusion, it is totally depend on their situation.However. I strongly believe that owing accommodate is important rather than renting one
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In an array of nations, more and more youth are advised to either work or travel for whole year after completing high school and before initiating university studies. Let us meticulously articulate the pros and cons to young people regarding this decision of theirs.
To begin with, let us unfurl some of the perks of scholars dropping a year after accomplishing their schooling. First and foremost, if children will be provided with a spare year after attaining school education, for either travelling or hunt some job.This will provide them with some spare time, where they may lead burden free life and along with that they are free to explore world by constructing memories with acquaintances. Additionally, if they choose to work in this one year chances of them entering in university with crucial experience and financial stability. To illustrate, Dr Sigmund Freud the eminent psycoanalyst of human behaviour and cognitive skills, cited in his recent research that students who takes a yearly gap, before entering university are more financially independent when compared to others.
On the contrary, let us shed some light on deleterious eflects of taking a gap after schooling. Primarily, it is more probable for progenies, to mist up some previously studied topics while being indulged in either work or travelling. Moreover, returning to previous study schedule after gaping a year as they found it a cumbersome task to rebound to settle in that lifestyle again. To exemplify, Mr. Benjamin Brandlee the editor in chief of the Washington Times cited in his editorial on 'Research on scholars' in 2007 wrote that almost 60% of the students find it arduous to settle back in their previous study schedule.
To encapsulate, every thing comes with its own positives and negatives. To clarity, as those taking gap comes back, with more independent personality, While those who continues their study, remains in touch with their subject and are likely to achieve tremendous success.
Some people say that every human being can create art, for example painting. Others think only the people born with the ability can create art
discuss both view and give your opinion?
There are plethors of opinion about creating art some people believes that every human being can create art. While others think only the people born with ability can create art. Therefore, before giving my opinion both views will be discussed.
Firstly, discussing the people with inborn ability can create art. The people with inbuilt skills can create art very fast and perfectly because it is god gifted to them. They have very good ideology about their art, so they can make new inventions very easily of their art. The people born wiTh ability can be master of their profession. The people born with talents can compete with anyone in their field. For instance, the small juvenile of SaReGaMaPa lil champs named Jayas Kumar has inbuilt talent and skills and had defeated all other childerns in singing and he is master in that show.
On the filp side, that every human being can create art. If the person has interest and has passion then he can create art. If the person is practising well and doing ardous work then he can create art. Every person can create art if he has good training and a person has a persevearance to do it. For instance, in these day, daily new arts are being produced by people like acting, if person has good knowledge and can able to generate new expression then he could be a good actor. Giving my opinion, i believe that the creation of art can be done by every person but it needs efforts and passion to do it. If any person enjoy the art and has fun in art then he can create art. If person concentrate on the art and enhances his skills then he can create art.
To summarize, people which are talented and has inbulit ability can create art very perfectly. But art is for everyone art can be created by anyone if person has enthusiam, passion and interest to create it.
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The bar chart below shows the percentage of Australian men and women in different age groups who did regular physical activity in 2010.
The given bar chart indicates a comparison of Australian genders with the exact percents who do exercises frequently, according to their various ages in 2010.
As can be seen from the chart, males did more physical exercises than females at the age of 15 to 24. The figure was 52.8 % for men and 47.7% for women.
Contrastly, the next years of life females dominated doing exercises, the percentage of women who were from 25 to 34 years old was 48.9% percentage of men at those ages was 42.2%. Especially, there was sharp difference between them in their middle ages (35 to 44). 52.5% of women did exercises meanwhile the figure was 39.5 for men. As well as, percentages of old ganders were nearly equal to each other which was 46.7% for men and 47.1% for women.
Overall, males did more exercise than women in early ages. However, females showed an advantage in comparison over males for the next years, whereas the figure was nearly equal to each other in their old ages.
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Railway is the vital transportation for every cities especially metropolis cities. Focus on only railway over road development is a debatable topic. I am not convinced, both are equally important for a country.
Growing population and vehicles leads to lot of traffic in the road , which is mainly point to the railway utility. First and most important is easy transportation, now traffic problem is greatest issue , reason perhaps increasing number of transportation means. Whatever the strategy they follows it does not seem to worth. Also railway such as metro line is essential especially for metropolis cities which helps to reduce the time of transportation, effective outcome from this leads to the countries development. Finally growing pollution, growing population increases the demand of automobiles which will pollute our airs extremely.By focusing more on railway development and electric traction could reduce the needs of vehicles.
In spite of that , i personally believe investing some money on roads also important . Firstly most of people could feel comfortable with l personal vehicle rather than public. So government should work on road also. Secondly focus to alternative to reduce traffic block ,which could develop road greatly such as building new flyovers and time limit for heavy trucks. Lastly , in some villages the railway is not practical , where they depends only on road to interface with outer world. So there need more development on roads and public means rather than focusing only on railway.
In conclusion, both transportation methods are greatly important respectively. So only investing money and focus not make a sense as per my concern.
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The critical question that where the government should spend their budget has always been a controversial one. However one significant question remains unanswered and must be thoroughly addressed: what criteria should government take into account to spend their money? While some individuals maintain that the government budget should more allocate in supporting Olympic Games athletic, other may believe otherwise and assert that the art filed is more important than sport filed and it should need more support. I however tend to side with the latter.
On, one hand some might adhere to this belief that supporting art is more important, one could argue that supporting Olympic Games athlete is much more important. Precisely speaking, first of all, sports cloud be deems as mainstream entertainment option that promote the general well-being of society. For instance the more successful in the Olympic team of nation are in international arenas, the more people the more people gravity toward sport related activities and due to this people take up sports as one of their leisure activity. Second of all, Olympic Games are best way through which government can flex their soft power to other countries in international sphere and assert their economic and political right. For example USA and China not only win most Olympic title also take the lead in the word in terms of their political and economic power.
On other hand, there are those how hold to this altitude that art area is more important, firstly the progress in arts reflect the enlightenment of nation. It shows how intellectually advanced a country is in the filed such as philosophy, economic, or lack behind. Also art is channel to express their toughs and emotion which one way of showing liberalism in that nation.
In a final analysis in spite of the fact that some might be of this conviction that allot more money in supporting Olympic Games athletic is more important. I take issue with them that in this regard and aver that, art and spurt are not mutually exclusively and it is in incumbent for both filed to spend money by governments.
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In the modern society, technology has become a vital part of every human’s life. While some believe that technology advances the lives of individuals who use it, others counter this statement. In my point of view, technology plays an instrumental role in enhancing the productivity of the people and making the work space more comfortable.
There are many benefits to using technology and it has improved our life in various ways. Firstly, technology saves a lot of time for any individual who uses it in day to day life. For example, instead of cleaning dishes manually, people can use a dishwasher which automatically cleans and dries utensils. Consequently, people can use that time for more productive activities.
Secondly, many tasks can be completed effortlessly by using advanced devices. For example, machines can be used instead of manual labour for building residential and commercial complexes. Technology has also made people’s lives safer. For example, by installing surveillance cameras, we can protect our homes and offices from intruders.
On the other hand, technology can cause some problems in the society. It has been observed that human beings have become lethargic due to the use of technological automation and lack of manual hard work. Furthermore, technology has made people dependent on it. For example, many people become stressed out when they do not have access to their cell phone or the internet.
To sum up, technology certainly has many positive impacts on people’s lives, but it has some negative impacts too. It is the responsibility of people to use technology to their advantage.
In the modern society, technology has become a vital part of every human’s life. While some believe that technology advances the lives of individuals who use it, others counter this statement. In my point of view, technology plays an instrumental role in enhancing the productivity of the people and making the work space more comfortable.
There are many benefits to using technology and it has improved our life in various ways. Firstly, technology saves a lot of time for any individual who uses it in day to day life. For example, instead of cleaning dishes manually, people can use a dishwasher which automatically cleans and dries utensils. Consequently, people can use that time for more productive activities.
Secondly, many tasks can be completed effortlessly by using advanced devices. For example, machines can be used instead of manual labour for building residential and commercial complexes. Technology has also made people’s lives safer. For example, by installing surveillance cameras, we can protect our homes and offices from intruders.
On the other hand, technology can cause some problems in the society. It has been observed that human beings have become lethargic due to the use of technological automation and lack of manual hard work. Furthermore, technology has made people dependent on it. For example, many people become stressed out when they do not have access to their cell phone or the internet.
To sum up, technology certainly has many positive impacts on people’s lives, but it has some negative impacts too. It is the responsibility of people to use technology to their advantage.
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I am writing letter regards to the onsite opportunities in TCS, I have some tips for you in case you don’t get UK H1 visa. If more chances can be available for you, whenever you can up to date in technologies or as you know when open any opportunities then you should try to hit on it. If your target is onsite then you should focus on it otherwise time is going different-different circumstance .
First, I want to one thing clear as Please consider a tips, sometimes we are thoroughly trained in technologies since last 4-5 year, then we can do anything for now. When we know about the target then we should focus on it.
I am writing letter regards to the onsite opportunities in TCS, I have some tips for you in case you don’t get UK H1 visa. If more chances can be available for you, whenever you can up to date in technologies or as you know when open any opportunities then you should try to hit on it. If your target is onsite then you should focus on it otherwise time is going different-different circumstance .
First, I want to one thing clear as Please consider a tips, sometimes we are thoroughly trained in technologies since last 4-5 year, then we can do anything for now. When we know about the target then we should focus on it.
How to check my ielts writing online
I need online practice IELTS Tests. A lot of tests...
How to check my ielts writing online ?
Task 1
The two graphs provide information about computer ownership seeing that percentage of the population between 2002 and 2010 and by stage of education for years 2002 and 2010.
In computer ownership 2002 and 2010 the population which increase year by year.
The group of people did not receive high school diploma, high school graduate, the other group of people not finished their education, and the group of people receive bachelor degree and postgraduate qualification.
The main points are in year 2002 computer ownership roughly 58 percent. In comparison between the two graph computer ownership shows the highest people in education was in 2010 which was postgraduate qualification 80%
In computer ownership by education level in year 2002 no high school diploma was about 15 percent, in year 2002 high school graduate about 30 percent.
Computer ownership by education level in 2002 and 2010.In 2010 students in college they have not complete their education was 80 percent. In year 2002 student not complete in college approximately 50%.
The graph shows that in 2002 people the level of education has decrease however between 2002 and 2010 the level has been increasing .During eight years period since 2002 and 2010.
In conclusion majority of people studying in 2010 doing bachelor’s degree and postgraduate qualification.
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One day at my school in the Tiffin period, I was with a group of my friends and had gone to steal tamarind beside our school. We hurled stone to the tamarind tree to get the tamarind. When a bunch of tamarinds fell on the ground we went to collect them and somebody hurls stone to the tree again and the stone hit my head. I fell down on the ground and I faint suddenly. After that, someone informed my mother about me and she comes to me with running. She poured the water on my head when I opened my eyes I saw my mother is pouring water on my head and a smile on her face. She took me to my home and get some advice against steal and after that, I never go to steal with my friends.
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I reckon writing is my nightmare.
few masses reckon that the period of teenager is the most revishing time of human"s life however others are in the opposit side and opine that adulthood phase is the best part of life. in my opinion, i accord that adults"s life is more intersting than teenagers.
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In recent decades it is clearly seen that earning huge money become renowned. I partly agree with this statement as a result of gain high salary can lead your life much better.
To begin with, the vast majority of people prefer to earn a high salary due to they want to afford for yourself a lot of things such as buying wealthy clothes or eating inaccessible foods. In undeveloped countries, most people leave their states by looking for another job with a huge gain of money. To illustarate, on Bangladesh, we see major immigration to Western Europe countries. If they earn their own countries approximately 150 dollars per month, in developed countries they will earn five times bigger. Therefore gaining huge money on work, becoming famous in most of the eastern countries.
Secondly the main cause of earning a high salary becoming renowned it is an impact of rising price for needs. The majority of people wanted to satisfy their demands. For instance, in Kazakhstan declining a cost for a barrel of oil contributed to a rising dollar due to we notice rising costs for goods such as technological devices. For this reason people in our country desire to earn a much higher salary.
To conclude, we see that earn a big salary is become relevance in common people. From my point of view, it can lead a beneficially effect for everyone
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How to check my ielts writing online ?