雅思5分词汇:Scientific principles科学原理
以下是一些与科学原理相关的词汇,适合雅思成绩范围4.5-6.0:
科学原理(Scientific principles)涉及了许多方面,包括物理、化学、生物、地理和其他科学领域。以下是一些涉及科学原理的常见词汇:
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Hypothesis
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A testable statement or prediction based on limited evidence, used as a starting point for further investigation.
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Experiment
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A carefully designed procedure carried out to investigate a scientific question or hypothesis.
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Control Group
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable and used as a basis for comparison.
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Variables
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Factors that can be measured or controlled in an experiment, influencing the outcome.
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Data
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Information, measurements, or observations collected during an experiment.
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Results
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The outcomes or findings of an experiment, presented in a quantitative or qualitative manner.
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Analysis
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The examination of data to identify patterns, trends, or relationships.
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Conclusion
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A summary of the results and the acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis based on evidence.
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Theory
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A well-substantiated explanation of natural phenomena, supported by extensive evidence.
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Law
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A concise statement that describes a fundamental relationship observed in nature, supported by consistent evidence.
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Empirical Evidence
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Data obtained through direct observation or experimentation.
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Replication
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The repetition of an experiment to validate or challenge its results.
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Sample Size
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The number of subjects or data points used in an experiment or study.
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Accuracy
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The degree of closeness between a measured value and the true value.
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Precision
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The degree of consistency or reproducibility of measurements.
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Inference
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A logical conclusion or deduction based on evidence and reasoning.
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Causation
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The relationship between cause and effect, indicating that one event leads to another.
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Correlation
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A relationship between two variables that tend to change together, without implying causation.
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Bias
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Prejudice or favoritism that may affect the objectivity of data collection or analysis.
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Peer Review
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Evaluation of research or scientific work by experts in the same field to ensure quality and validity.
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Reproducibility
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The ability of other researchers to obtain similar results when repeating an experiment.
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Independent Variable
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The variable that is deliberately manipulated in an experiment.
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that is measured or observed and affected by changes in the independent variable.
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Null Hypothesis
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A statement suggesting that there is no significant relationship between variables in an experiment.
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Statistical Significance
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The likelihood that the results of an experiment are not due to chance.
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Controlled Variables
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The factors in an experiment that are intentionally kept constant to prevent them from influencing the results.
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Experimental Error
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The inaccuracies or uncertainties that may arise during the conduct of an experiment.
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Validity
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The extent to which a test, experiment, or study accurately measures what it intends to measure.
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Reliability
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The consistency and stability of the results obtained from an experiment or measurement.
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Bias
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A systematic error in data collection or analysis that results in a deviation from the true value.
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Sample Bias
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A bias that arises when the sample used in a study does not accurately represent the entire population.
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Confounding Variable
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An extraneous factor that may affect the results of an experiment and confuses the interpretation of the data.
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Ethics
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The moral principles and guidelines that govern the conduct of research involving human subjects or animals.
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Informed Consent
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Consent obtained from participants in a study after they have been fully informed about the nature of the research.
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Anecdotal Evidence
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Evidence based on personal accounts or stories, which may not be reliable for drawing scientific conclusions.
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Statistical Analysis
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The process of using statistical methods to analyze data and draw meaningful conclusions.
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Randomization
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The process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment randomly, reducing bias.
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Standard Deviation
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A measure of the spread or variability of data points from the mean in a data set.
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Normal Distribution
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A symmetrical bell-shaped distribution of data points around the mean, commonly found in nature.
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Probability
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The likelihood of an event or outcome occurring, expressed as a percentage or fraction.
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Significance Level
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The threshold used to determine whether the results of an experiment are statistically significant.
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Research Design
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The overall plan or structure of an experiment or study, including its methodology and data collection procedures.
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Peer Review Process
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The evaluation of research or academic work by experts in the same field before publication.
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Systematic Review
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A comprehensive review of existing literature and research studies on a particular topic.
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Literature Review
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A critical examination and summary of the available literature on a specific research question.
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这些词汇可以帮助你描述和讨论科学原理,并在雅思口语考试中提供相关的例子和解释。记住,在使用这些词汇时,要注意正确的发音和用法,以确保语言的准确性和流利性。
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