剑桥雅思5阅读Test2Passage3原文翻译
剑桥雅思5阅读Test2Passage3本文主要探讨了科学英语的发展历程。
在文中指出,17世纪之前,拉丁语被视为欧洲知识分子的共同语,直到欧洲文艺复兴时期,学者们开始对古代知识进行考验和拓展。英语在科学研究中的重要性逐渐崛起,特别是在欧洲新兴国家探索和贸易发展的背景下。然而,原创科学在使用英语撰写上存在一些延迟的原因,如触及读者范围的限制、保密需求以及早期现代英语的语言不足等。幸运的是,皇家学会的成员们积极促进了科学用英语出版的发展,并在适当的写作风格方面做出了贡献。随着科学期刊的出现和科学领域的发展,科学英语在18世纪逐渐建立起来,并在19世纪得到了词汇的大量增长。
第1自然段 World science is dominated today by a small number of languages, including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science. This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals. |
第1自然段 |
第2自然段 The European Renaissance (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the ‘revival of learning’, a time of renewed interest in the ‘lost knowledge’ of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and – perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all – the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543). |
第2自然段 |
第3自然段 England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language -John Wallis and John Wilkins – helped found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research. |
第3自然段 |
第4自然段 Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science. In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light – Opticks – in English. |
第4自然段 |
第5自然段 There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. The first was simply a matter of audience. Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a socially wider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English. |
第5自然段 |
第6自然段 A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their ‘author’. This growing concern about intellectual property rights was a feature of the period – it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between ‘scholars and gentlemen’ who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though international, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an ‘insider language’. |
第6自然段 |
第7自然段 A third reason why the writing of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific arguments. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities. |
第7自然段 |
第8自然段 Fortunately, several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little, the society’s members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society’s first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures. |
第8自然段 |
第9自然段 In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments. |
第9自然段 |
第10自然段 The 17th century was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had been established as opposed to 96 in France and 50 in England. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines. |
第10自然段 因此,17世纪是科学英语建立的一个形成期。在接下来的一个世纪里,德语作为欧洲主要科学语言的地位逐渐下降。据估计,到18世纪末,德国建立了401家科学期刊,而法国有96家,英国有50家。然而,在19世纪,随着工业革命对新技术词汇的需求以及新的、专业化的学会的成立推动和出版了科学英语上获得了大量的词汇增长。 |
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