剑桥雅思8阅读Test2Passage2文章主要讲了小冰期的气候事件。
这段文字主要介绍了一个叫做小冰期的气候事件,该事件持续了从1300年到19世纪中叶。作者提到在过去的73万年中,人类一直受制于气候变化,适应了全球变暖和变冷的气候波动。小冰期是一种不规则的剧烈气候波动,带来了严寒的冬季和东风,然后突然转变为雨季、风暴或干旱的春季和夏季。文章还描述了记录和重建过去气候变化的困难,以及对北半球600年来温度变化的近期了解。最后,文章简要提及了现代暖期的出现和人类活动对全球变暖的影响。总的来说,这段文字概括了小冰期和气候变化对人类历史和现代社会的影响。
A部分 This book will provide a detailed examination of the Little Ice Age and other climatic shifts, but, before I embark on that, let me provide a historical context. We tend to think of climate – as opposed to weather – as something unchanging, yet humanity has been at the mercy of climate change for its entire existence, with at least eight glacial episodes in the past 730, 000 years. Our ancestors adapted to the universal but irregular global warming since the end of the last great Ice Age, around 10, 000years ago, with dazzling opportunism. They developed strategies for surviving harsh drought cycles, decades of heavy rainfall or unaccustomed cold; adopted agriculture and stock-raising, which revolutionised human life; and founded the world’s first pre-industrial civilisations in Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Americas. But the price of sudden climate change, in famine, disease and suffering, was often high. | 本书将详细考察小冰期和其他气候变化,但在此之前,让我为大家提供一个历史背景。我们常常将气候(而非天气)视为不变的东西,然而整个人类存在的时间里,我们一直受制于气候变化,过去73万年至少有八次冰期。我们的祖先适应了自最后一个大冰期结束以来普遍而不规则的全球变暖,他们用令人惊叹的机智发展出生存干旱、持续几十年的暴雨或寒冷的策略;采用了革命性的农业和畜牧业,改变了人类的生活;创造了埃及、美索不达米亚和美洲的世界上第一个前工业文明。然而,突如其来的气候变化所带来的饥荒、疾病和苦难的代价常常是巨大的。 |
B部分 The Little Ice Age lasted from roughly 1300 until the middle of the nineteenth century. Only two centuries ago, Europe experienced a cycle of bitterly cold winters; mountain glaciers in the Swiss Alps were the lowest in recorded memory, and pack ice surrounded Iceland for much of the year. The climatic events of the Little Ice Age did more than help shape the modern world. They are the deeply important context for the current unprecedented global warming. The Little Ice Age was far from a deep freeze, however; rather an irregular seesaw of rapid climatic shifts, few lasting more than a quarter-century, driven by complex and still little understood interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean. The seesaw brought cycles of intensely cold winters and easterly winds, then switched abruptly to years of heavy spring and early summer rains, mild winters, and frequent Atlantic storms, or to periods of droughts, light northeasterly winds, and summer heat waves. | 小冰期大约持续了从1300年到19世纪中叶。仅仅两个世纪以前,欧洲经历了一系列寒冷的冬天;瑞士阿尔卑斯山的山地冰川创下了有记录以来的最低水平,冰岛几乎一年四季都被冰雪覆盖。小冰期的气候事件不仅塑造了现代世界,也是当前前所未有的全球变暖的深层重要背景。然而,小冰期远非一场深度冷冻,而是一种不规则的剧烈气候波动,其中很少有持续超过四分之一个世纪的冷暖交替,驱动因复杂而仍不完全理解的大气与海洋相互作用而发生。这种剧烈的气候波动带来了严寒的冬季和东风,然后突然转变为春季和初夏的大雨、温和的冬季和频繁出现的大西洋风暴,或者是干旱、轻微的东北风和夏季的热浪。 |
C部分 Reconstructing the climate changes of the past is extremely difficult, because systematic weather observations began only a few centuries ago, in Europe and North America. Records from India and tropical Africa are even more recent. For the time before records began, we have only ‘proxy records’ reconstructed largely from tree rings and ice cores, supplemented by a few incomplete written accounts. We now have hundreds of tree-ring records from throughout the northern hemisphere, and many from south of the equator, too, amplified with a growing body of temperature data from ice cores drilled in Antarctica, Greenland, the Peruvian Andes, and other locations. We are close to a knowledge of annual summer and winter temperature variations over much of the northern hemisphere going back 600 years. | 重建过去的气候变化极其困难,因为系统的天气观测仅始于几个世纪前的欧洲和北美。印度和热带非洲的记录甚至更近。在记录开始之前的时期,我们只有通过树木年轮和冰芯等“代理记录”重建的数据,再加上一些不完整的书面记载。目前,我们在北半球各地拥有数百份树木年轮记录,还有很多来自赤道以南地区的记录,此外还有从南极洲、格陵兰、秘鲁安第斯山脉和其他地点钻取的冰芯温度数据不断增加。我们已经接近了对北半球大部分地区600年来夏季和冬季温度变化的了解。 |
D部分 This book is a narrative history of climatic shifts during the past ten centuries, and some of the ways in which people in Europe adapted to them. Part One describes the Medieval Warm Period, roughly 900 to 1200. During these three centuries, Norse voyagers from Northern Europe explored northern seas, settled Greenland, and visited North America. It was not a time of uniform warmth, for then, as always since the Great Ice Age, there were constant shifts in rainfall and temperature. Mean European temperatures were about the same as today, perhaps slightly cooler. | 本书是关于过去一千年气候变化及欧洲人民应对这些变化的叙述性历史。第一部分描述了中世纪暖期,大约从公元900年到1200年。在这三个世纪里,北欧的诺斯人在北方海域探索、定居格陵兰,并访问了北美。那并不是一段温暖均匀的时期,因为自大冰期以来,降雨和温度一直在不断变化。欧洲的平均温度与今天大致相同,或许略微较凉。 |
E部分 It is known that the Little Ice Age cooling began in Greenland and the Arctic in about 1200. As the Arctic ice pack spread southward, Norse voyages to the west were rerouted into the open Atlantic, then ended altogether. Storminess increased in the North Atlantic and North Sea. Colder, much wetter weather descended on Europe between 1315 and 1319, when thousands perished in a continent-wide famine. By 1400, the weather had become decidedly more unpredictable and stormier, with sudden shifts and lower temperatures that culminated in the cold decades of the late sixteenth century. Fish were a vital commodity in growing towns and cities, where food supplies were a constant concern. Dried cod and herring were already the staples of the European fish trade, but changes in water temperatures forced fishing fleets to work further offshore. The Basques, Dutch, and English developed the first offshore fishing boats adapted to a colder and stormier Atlantic. A gradual agricultural revolution in northern Europe stemmed from concerns over food supplies at a time of rising populations. The revolution involved intensive commercial farming and the growing of animal fodder on land not previously used for crops. The increased productivity from farmland made some countries self-sufficient in grain and livestock and offered effective protection against famine. | 众所周知,小冰期在大约1200年开始影响格陵兰和北极地区。随着北极冰盖向南扩散,诺斯人的西行航行被重新调整到开阔的大西洋,最终完全中止。北大西洋和北海的风暴加剧。在1315年至1319年之间,更冷、更湿的天气降临欧洲,成千上万人在全欧洲范围内遭受饥荒。到了1400年,天气变得更加不可预测和多风多雨,出现了突然的转变和更低的温度,这在16世纪后期形成了寒冷的几十年。鱼类是不断增长的城镇和城市的重要商品,食物供应一直是一个持续关注的问题。干鱼和鲱鱼已经成为欧洲鱼类贸易的主要产品,但是水温的变化迫使捕鱼船只进一步离岸作业。巴斯克人、荷兰人和英国人发展出了第一种适应更加寒冷和多风的大西洋的离岸渔船。北欧地区逐渐进行的农业革命源于对粮食供应的担忧,在人口上升的时期,他们通过在以前未用于农作物的土地上进行密集商业耕种和种植饲料作物来增加农田产量。农田的增产使一些国家在粮食和牲畜方面自给自足,并有效防范了饥荒。 |
F部分 Global temperatures began to rise slowly after 1850, with the beginning of the Modern Warm Period. There was a vast migration from Europe by land-hungry farmers and others, to which the famine caused by the Irish potato blight contributed, to North America, Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa. Millions of hectares of forest and woodland fell before the newcomers’ axes between 1850 and 1890, as intensive European farming methods expanded across the world. The unprecedented land clearance released vast quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, triggering for the first time humanly caused global warming. Temperatures climbed more rapidly in the twentieth century as the use of fossil fuels proliferated and greenhouse gas levels continued to soar. The rise has been even steeper since the early 1980s. The Little Ice Age has given way to a new climatic regime, marked by prolonged and steady warming. At the same time, extreme weather events like Category 5 hurricanes are becoming more frequent. | 从1850年开始,全球气温开始缓慢上升,进入现代暖期。饥荒导致的由欧洲农民和其他人口迁移到北美、澳大利亚、新西兰和南非的移民潮也为此做出了贡献。在1850年至1890年间,随着欧洲密集的农业方法在全球范围内扩展,数百万公顷的森林和林地被新来者的斧头砍倒。前所未有的土地开垦大量释放了二氧化碳,首次引发了人为的全球变暖。随着化石燃料的广泛使用和温室气体水平的持续上升,20世纪的气温上升更加迅速。自20世纪80年代初以来,上升的速度更加陡峭。小冰期已经被一个新的气候时期所取代,这个时期以持久而稳定的变暖为特征。与此同时,5级飓风等极端天气事件变得更加频繁发生。 |
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Hosting an international event is a proud moment for any country and this trend may be new to the eastern hemisphere but it's very common in the western hemisphere. They have the infrastructure and other required facilities which makes it easy for them to host any international event. However, some people believe that it divert government attention from important problems and increase the overall expenditure. In this essay, we shall delve into the details and juxtapose both sides of the arguments.
The last two decades have seen a rise in the popularity of hosting international events. This is imperative for the overall growth of any country since it helps in increasing tourism which impacts the overall growth of the economy. Various studies in this subject have also raised several benefits such as an opportunity to show the hospitality of people who came from different countries. Clearly, this remains an important aspect that cannot be ignored. Nowadays, it seems like a competition since all countries are willing to host international events and observing the last two decades, this trend is clearly on the rise and shows no sign of slowing down.
On the contrary, other aspects that receive significance amount of importance by few handful people who believe that hosting an event can cost a huge amount and enhance overall expenditure. This amount can be used to improve overall infrastructure and provide a better life style to poor people. As the researchers have emphasized that hosting an international event can be a very expensive deal for an under developed country. Hence, this does not remain the only deciding factor.
To conclude, Basis on various studies and researches, hosting an international event can be beneficial in numerous ways. But, we can't deny the other side of the stories so it may not be advisable to an under-developed country though.
The Line graphs illustrate the number of students enrolled, international and local in Australian Universities from 2001 to 2010 on the basis of totals and commencing.
Overall, the number of enrollments of local students was much higher than overseas students. However, the commencing rates for both types of students were less than the total number of enrollments.
In the graph, it can be noticed that in 2001, 20000 foreign students applied to Australian Universities. In contrast, commencing numbers were slightly lower(i.earound 17000) than the total applied and for all the years. Also, it can be seen that for every three years there is a 20000 increase in the number of international students. In the case of commencing numbers, they were always less than students enrolled in each respective year, and quite interestingly about half of the students enrolled.
Coming to local students, it can be seen that commencing rates were always lower than the total enrolments and remained stable at 200000 with some fluctuations. However, the total number of applications was 400000 in 2001 and it increased rapdly to 600000 until 2007,when it remained constant over the end of the period.
The line graphs shown above, represents the information about the enrolments of overseas students and local students in Australia universities, between 2001 and 2010. The lines are divided in commencing and total students.
In the first graph, we can see the information about the overseas students, with an increase of enrolments students commencing and a rapid increase in a total enrolments students. In the second graph, is possible to see an increase in total enrolments, but in commencing line presents little changes with peaks and plateaus.
Between 2001 to 2009, the enrolments of overseas students had an exponencial increase. Began with less of 20000 overseas students, and in 2009 reaching 40000 students. Between 2009 to 2010, the line had a gradual increase to more of 40000 commencing students. In total line of enrolments students, is possible to view a dramatic increase, began in 20000 students and ending in more of 80000 students.
The second graph is a little different than the first graph, because in total students presents and increase between 2001 to 2007 of local students, but after 2007 the line present a standability in close to 600000 of total students. In commencing students, presents fluctuations with an increase between 2001 to 2004, and a gradual increase between 2006 to 2008. In the other time periods, 2002 to 2006 and 2008 to 2010, the line presents a gradual decrease of enrolments of local students.
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Section 1:
In the first graph, you can see that the total number of students from overseas attending Australian universities in 2001 was around 20,000. But by 2010 the number of students from around the world enroling to Australian universities increased to over 80,000. Additionally, you can also see that the commencing of international students at Australian universities went from about 15,000 to just over 40,000 from 2001 to 2010. Overall, the trend for commencing and total enrolment was positive and consistent.
In the second graph, the commencing of local students enrolling in Australian universities was below 20,000 in 2001 but it spiked to over 20,000 in 2002. It went down to 20,000 in 2003 then below 20,000 until 2007 when it hit 20,000 again. In 2008 the number of local students commencing went over 20,000 but by 2010 it hit 20,000 again.
In terms of the total number of local students attending Australian universities the number of about 40,000 during 2001. Then it steadily increased to its peak of 60,000 by 2007. From 2007 to 2010, the number of local students enrolling in Australian universities stayed at about 60,000.
The main difference between the two graphs is that the total number of local students to overseas students is greater when it comes to enrolment in Australian universities. However, when it comes to commencing in Australian universities there are more overseas students compared to local students.
Section 2:
International sports such as Soccer, Cricket, and others have always been known to garner a great deal of attention from the public but it's not always positive. Before looking at the bad side of hosting international games in a country let's look at the positive.
Any country that hosts international sports will automatically get lots of recognition from both its countrymen and from abroad. If the international sport is quite popular such as soccer or car racing then the country will get even more recognition since the sport is loved by millions.
This greater recognition will not just make the country more popular but also boost its economy and increase its yearly earnings. One of the main ways international sports boost the national economy is through tourism when people from around the world come to see the game. When the 2022 FIFA World Cup was held in Qutar the local economy was greatly increased thanks to many new businesses opening up and catering to the millions of visiting tourists.
However, hosting an international sport is not that easy and requires many parts which is why many people say that it's a bad idea. Before a country can see economic growth through hosting a sports tournament it needs to spend a lot of money without knowing if it can make a profit. From building new stadiums or renovating old ones all of that will cost a great deal of money. Due to COVID-19 the 2020 Olympic Games faced many delays and this caused the hosting country to lose all the money they poured into various areas without seeing any gains. Additionally, hosting international games can bring with it many security risks both locally and nationally at the same time.
In conclusion, when hosting any international games the host country needs to figure out if they will see more profit when comparing it to the costs they will put into it. Without properly analyzing all the sides hosting an international game is not worth it. But if done properly then any country that hosts an international sport is sure to see some great results in many areas such as the economy in both the short and long term.
The line illustration sees the statistics about overseas students and local students in Australian colleges during a decade period
The total overseas students enrolments` lowest and highest point are as 20 multiple as high and as 7.5 multiple as high as the total local enrolments`. the commencing figure for both types of students were less than the total number of enrollments.
The total overseas students` statistics saw an straight upward trend from 20000 in 2001 to 80000 in 2010 with growth over 20000 by every 3 years , the total local students` witnessed a higher opposite trend from 400000 in 2001 to 600000 in 2007, and remained stable on the peak from 2007 to 2010
The commencing local students` enrollments steadily slightly fluctuated around 20000 in this decade, whole the commencing overseas students saw a slow upward rose from over 12000 in 2001 to20000 in 2006, which year downright passed the commencing local students` enrollments, and peaked at 40000 in 2009 and remained stable to 2010.
the graph shows a different number of enrolled in Australian Universities in the years 2001 to 2010 between foreign and national students.
the number of students that established study in Australian Universities for overseas in 2001 is 20,000 and that number is increased every year tell to 2010 is becoming around 80,000 that is the total of student how is commencing and older student, however, the number of students that enrolment in Australian universities that show in the graphic chart the big variation between 2001 and 2010 as the number of students in 2001 is 40,000, while in 2010 the number of students reached is 600,000 that is the total number for all student, but the number of students who are commencing is in 2001 is around a little below than 200,000 as per the graph. And according to the graph, some fluctuation in the number of students is evident in the ten years, as it sometimes increases and other time decreases slightly for the commencing.
that is meaning that Australian students it has a desire to learn in their universities more than scholarship students.
And this means the future of the localization of jobs in Australia and the reduction of the number of expatriates employed in it, thus reducing the percentage of finance transfers from Australia to other countries as a result of the process of localization of jobs. it will also contribute to creating new jobs from the idea of the people of the country and reduce the unemployment rate among citizens, which may contribute to increasing the percreasing income and thus increasing the national income.
in the end, this means that the Australian people as a whole have become educated and illiteracy has been erased from them, and the educated people represent their country in the most beautiful way in the international forums.
The Line graphs illustrate the number of students enrolled, international and local in Australian Universities from 2001 to 2010 on the basis of totals and commencing.
Overall, the number of enrollments of local students was much higher than overseas students. However, the commencing rates for both types of students were less than the total number of enrollments.
In the graph, it can be noticed that in 2001, 20000 foreign students applied to Australian Universities. In contrast, commencing numbers were slightly lower(i.e around 17000) than the total applied and for all the years. Also, it can be seen that for every three years there is a 20000 increase in the number of international students. In the case of commencing numbers, they were always less than students enrolled in each respective year, and quite interestingly about half of the students enrolled.
Coming to local students, it can be seen that commencing rates were always lower than the total enrolments and remained stable at 200000 with some fluctuations. However, the total number of applications was 400000 in 2001 and it increased rapidly to 600000 until 2007, when it remained constant over the end of the period.
The charts illustrate the numbers of international and residences students entering Australian institutions from 2001 to 2010.
Overall, the two tables compare date for local and outside students in Australian Universities. The amount of international students in Australia rose significantly after 2001 and the number of local students between 2003 and 2006 tended to decreased slightly.
Overseas students between the years 2001 and 2006 grew barely with amount 1000 to 2000 students. Then, the line escalated to 4000 students until 2009. In 2010 the internationals students accelerated partly above 40000 students.
local students jumped from 2001 to 2002 with approximately 300 students. After that, the number of local students declined to reach 2000 students in 2003. Also, the amount of students diminished roughly in 2004. the line plateaued in 2005 and fell hardly 2006. From 2006 to 2008 the number of local students accelerated nearly above 2000. finally, the number of local students reduced to be 2000 in 2009 and 2010.
The provided two graphs denote student enrolment patterns over a ten-year period, from 1989-1999, in Australian universities. The first graph illustrates the overseas student enrolments and the second one shows the local student admissions.
A glance at the first graph clearly shows that new overseas students continued to enrol in Australian universities. In 1999 there were approximately 80,000 immigrant learners [around half of whom were new enrolments). The rate of increase in the figure of overseas scholars had been dramatic, doubling every five years, from just under 9,000 in 1989, to 20,000 in 1994 which tripled in 1996 and then became over 80,000 in 1999.
Probing further, the local student population was around 600,000 in 1999 with just 200,000 of these being new students. This was just 33% of the total local pupils. It was a significant reduction from 50% a decade ago, when the total local student population was 400,000 out of which approximately 200,000 were new students. The trends clearly indicate that growth in the ratio of students was obtained more from the migrated pupils but not from local students.
Overall, the two provided line graphs clearly signify escalated demand for Australian university education by overseas students [increasing 400%] with significantly smaller surge by local scholars (just 50%) in the given time period.
The given graph provides an overview of the admission figures for international and local students in Australian universities from 2001 to 2010.
Overall, there was a significant increase in the number of international students, while the admission of local students displayed a more fluctuating pattern.
Between 2001 and 2005, the growth of international student admission was gradual, with a steady rise in numbers. Although there was a sharp overall increase in 2003, the growth rate of international students remained relatively stable. However, from 2005 to 2009, there was a substantial surge in international student admission, reaching a peak of approximately 40,000. In the final year, the number dipped slightly but remained above 40,000.
Conversely, local student admission started with a strong figure in the first year. However, over the subsequent four years, there was a continuous decline, diverging from the overall trend. In 2006, the gap between the total student admission and the local student admission was approximately 582,000. From 2007 to 2008, there was a marginal recovery, followed by a further decline in the last two years of the period.
The line graphs display the number of foreign and local students enrolling in Australian universities between the years 2001 and 2010.
Overall, there were higher number of local students joining the universities and in total, in comparison to overseas students. However, the number of foreign students joining for their education steadily increased over the period of time while the enrollment rate of local students remained the same after initial spike in 2002.
In 2001, there were 20,000 total foreign students in different universities in Australia, with more than 10,000 starting the same year. The total number rapidly grew due to consistent increase in the rate in which students enrolled, reaching almost 70,000 in the year 2008. The number of commencing students increased sharply again in 2009, with 40000 new enrollments which took the total overseas students to just above 80,000 by 2010.
In contrast, there were almost 200,000 Australians enrolling in universities in 2001, ten times more than foreign students in the same year. This number increased sharply to over 200,000 in 2002 before settling to in and around 200,000 for the rest of the time period. As a result, the total number of Australian students in universities grew linearly until 2007, before steadying around 600,000 for the final four years of the period.