Reading Passage 2 has five paragraphs, A-E.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

14 ABCDE . a reference to the time when a distinction was first made between two types of skills

15 ABCDE . a reference to what a particular investigation failed to do

16 ABCDE . a reference to the influence of the 10,000-hour rule outside the field of music

17 ABCDE . A reference to how the study compared achievement levels based on practice time.

18 ABCDE . a reference to a claim that was made without sufficient evidence

• 14 Answer: A
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph A refers to the distinction between "extended experience" (general skills) and "deliberate practice" (specific efforts to improve performance), first emphasized by Ericsson and colleagues in their 1993 study.

  "The maximal level of performance for individuals in a given domain is not attained automatically as a function of extended experience, but….”

• 15 Answer: D
  解析 反馈

  In paragraph D, it mentions that Ericsson and colleagues found a correlation but did not determine if practice was the cause of expertise.

  "But while Ericsson and his colleagues had found a correlation between the number of hours spent on deliberate practice and the level of expertise achieved, their research didn’t determine whether practice was the cause of that expertise."

• 16 Answer: C
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph C discusses Malcolm Gladwell's generalization of the 10,000-hour rule to fields beyond music, which fits the claim about its influence outside music.

  While the passage doesn’t explicitly state that Gladwell extended the idea to fields outside music, his broader framing of "talent is irrelevant" implies that the rule applies universally, not only to musicians.

  "The theory of deliberate practice was popularised by the writer Malcolm Gladwell... in his book Outliers, published in 2008."

• 17 Answer: B
  解析 反馈

  There is no direct reference in paragraph A about continuing something in a different way. Rather, it discusses findings about deliberate practice and expertise.

  Paragraph B explicitly describes how the study grouped violinists into three categories based on their level of achievement: the best, the good, and the least accomplished. It then compares the number of practice hours each group had accumulated.

  Excerpt does not directly state possibilities of continuity in different methods.

  “The study looked at three groups of violinists at the Music Academy of West Berlin…..”

• 18 Answer: D
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph D refers to the appealing yet unproven suggestion that 10,000 hours guarantees expertise, fitting the idea of an unsubstantiated claim.

  "The idea that 10,000 hours of practice will make you an expert is appealing..."

Look at the following statements (Questions 19-22) and the list of researchers below.

Match each statement with the correct researcher, A, B or C.

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

19 ABC . Their research involved innovative methods of measuring practice among participants.

20 ABC . They made claims about the significance of practice which were not justified.

21 ABC . They devised a sophisticated way of measuring the development of expertise.

22 ABC . Their research generated an unexpected result.

• 19 Answer: A
  解析 反馈

  In Paragraph B, Ericsson and colleagues conducted research on violinists, where they asked participants to report how many hours they had practiced, both alone and with others, from the time they first picked up a violin. The study focused on comparing the amount of practice between groups of violinists with varying skill levels: the best, the good, and the least accomplished.

  “The authors set out to find out what had caused the ‘best’ violinists to be better than the merely ‘good’ ones, who were in turn better than the ‘least accomplished’ ones. All of the violinists were asked….”

• 20 Answer: B
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph C summarizes Malcolm Gladwell's claims about practice being the sole driver of performance, aligning with unsubstantiated claims.

  "The striking thing about Ericsson’s study is that he and his colleagues couldn’t find any 'naturals'..."

• 21 Answer: C
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph D discusses how Brooke Macnamara re-analyzed multiple studies, which could be interpreted as indicating a sophisticated approach.

  "In 2014, a group of psychologists led by Brooke Macnamara of Princeton University re-analysed data..."

• 22 Answer: C
  解析 反馈

  In Paragraph D, Macnamara and colleagues conducted a re-analysis of existing studies on the relationship between deliberate practice and performance in different domains (including music, sports, and education). They concluded that practice accounts for only 12% of the variance in performance, which was an unexpected result since the 10,000-hour rule implied that practice was the key factor to success.

  “In 2014, a group of psychologists led by Brooke Macnamara of Princeton University re-analysed data from all of the studies they could find on the relationship between deliberate practice and performance in various domains, including music, sports and education,....”

Reading Passage 3 has ten paragraphs, A-J.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

27 ABCDEFGHIJ . a description of the method used by stars to generate energy

28 ABCDEFGHIJ . a description of the process used to produce energy in nuclear power plants today

29 ABCDEFGHIJ . an explanation of the advantages of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission

30 ABCDEFGHIJ . a reference to the difficulty of achieving the conditions required for nuclear fusion

31 ABCDEFGHIJ . a reference to a nuclear fusion experiment that has been successful

32 ABCDEFGHIJ . a mention of the need to find a way of making nuclear fusion research more affordable

• 27 Answer: B
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph B describes nuclear fusion as the process that occurs in stars, indicating how energy is generated.

  "Nuclear fusion...is the process of fusing two atomic nuclei together to form a single heavier nucleus...This is the process that occurs in the sun and other stars."

• 28 Answer: B
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph B also describes the process of nuclear fission used in nuclear power plants today.

  "When we think of nuclear power, we usually think of nuclear fission, the process of splitting the nucleus of an atom into two or more smaller nuclei. This is the reaction that occurs in nuclear power stations today."

• 29 Answer: B
  解析 反馈

  While Paragraph C mentions the benefits of nuclear fusion, such advantages are compared to fossil fuels rather than directly to nuclear fission.

  "...It could help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels, and therefore help to combat climate change..."

• 30 Answer: D
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph D addresses the difficulty of achieving the high temperature and pressure necessary for nuclear fusion.

  "One of the biggest challenges is the high temperature and pressure required to achieve nuclear fusion."

• 31 Answer: A
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph A refers to a successful nuclear fusion experiment in California.

  "...a major breakthrough in nuclear fusion research...the first time ever, scientists had managed to produce a nuclear fusion reaction that generated more energy than it consumed."

• 32 Answer: I
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph E talks about the high costs of nuclear fusion research, suggesting a need for more affordable methods.

  "Another challenge is the cost of nuclear fusion research...and the cost of research and development is high."

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-K, below.

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.

MAGNETIC CONFINEMENT

In the magnetic confinement approach, a 33 ABCDEFGHIJK is placed inside a magnetic field and heated. This method has been employed in various experimental 34 ABCDEFGHIJK , showing potential for generating fusion energy.

INERTIAL CONFINEMENT

In the inertial confinement approach, a small pellet of hydrogen fuel is compressed and heated using lasers or other forms of energy. This extreme compression and heat triggers a nuclear reaction during which the 35 ABCDEFGHIJK are fused together, releasing a significant amount of energy.

• 33 Answer: A
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph G mentions that "a plasma of hydrogen nuclei is confined within a magnetic field," correctly matching "plasma."

  "...a plasma of hydrogen nuclei is confined within a magnetic field..."

• 34 Answer: D
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph G discusses experimental reactors that use magnetic confinement, agreeing with "reactors."

  "...This approach has been used in a number of experimental fusion reactors..."

• 35 Answer: B
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph H describes the inertial confinement approach where "nuclei fuse together," confirming the answer.

  "...The compression and heating cause the nuclei to fuse together, releasing energy."

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write

36 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN . The California experiment was the first time nuclear fusion had ever been achieved.

37 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN . Nuclear fusion could help to reduce the world’s dependence on fossil fuels.

38 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN . The fuel used in nuclear fusion is rare and hard to find.

39 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN . The high cost of nuclear fusion is solely attributed to its equipment.

40 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN . The basic physics behind nuclear fusion is more advanced than scientists once thought.

• 36 Answer: FALSE
  解析 反馈

  The reading passage does not claim that the California experiment was the first time nuclear fusion had ever been achieved globally, only that it was a breakthrough for generating more energy.

  "For the first time ever, scientists had managed to produce a nuclear fusion reaction that generated more energy than it consumed."

• 37 Answer: TRUE
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph C states nuclear fusion could reduce fossil fuel dependence, aligning with this statement.

  "...It could help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels..."

• 38 Answer: FALSE
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph C notes that the fuel for nuclear fusion is abundant, contradicting the statement of it being rare and expensive.

  "...the fuel used in nuclear fusion is abundant and widely available."

• 39 Answer: FALSE
  解析 反馈

  In paragraph E, it’s said that it’s extremely expensive because of its ‘equipment and research, not only the equipment. So the answer is FALSE.

  "...The recent breakthrough in California is just one example of the progress that has been made."

• 40 Answer: NOT GIVEN
  解析 反馈

  Paragraph F mentions ‘the physics’, but it does not say if it’s more or less advanced. So the answer is NOT GIVEN.

  “... have made significant advances in understanding the physics of the process. ”