正确答案:
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 misidentified
- 2 emotions
- 3 cultural background
- 4 isolated
- 5 exposed
- 6 C
- 7 A
- 8 D
- 9 H
- 10 D
- 11 B
- 12 13 B,D
Answer Keys
- 1 misidentified
- 2 emotions
- 3 cultural background
- 4 isolated
- 5 exposed
- 6 C
- 7 A
- 8 D
- 9 H
- 10 D
- 11 B
- 12 13 B,D
Part 2: Question 14 - 26
- 14 D
- 15 E
- 16 C
- 17 G
- 18 F
- 19 fuel
- 20 power
- 21 water streams
- 22 contaminate
- 23 harvesting
- 24 photosynthesis
- 25 Government B5
- 26 capacity
Answer Keys
- 14 D
- 15 E
- 16 C
- 17 G
- 18 F
- 19 fuel
- 20 power
- 21 water streams
- 22 contaminate
- 23 harvesting
- 24 photosynthesis
- 25 Government B5
- 26 capacity
Part 3: Question 27 - 40
- 27 B
- 28 C
- 29 A
- 30 A
- 31 YES
- 32 NOT GIVEN
- 33 NO
- 34 NOT GIVEN
- 35 YES
- 36 NO
- 37 F
- 38 B
- 39 A
- 40 D
Answer Keys
- 27 B
- 28 C
- 29 A
- 30 A
- 31 YES
- 32 NOT GIVEN
- 33 NO
- 34 NOT GIVEN
- 35 YES
- 36 NO
- 37 F
- 38 B
- 39 A
- 40 D
Questions 1-5
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph below. In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently 1 and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain 2 . Which is impossible covered, despite of 3 and whether the culture has been 4 or 5 to the mainstream.
- 1 Answer: misidentified
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1. The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently _____
Paragraph G. While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified.
Note:
The answer should be an Adjective or a Verb to follow the adverb “persistently”.
From the text, it clearly indicates that both fear and surprise were two expressions that were constantly (or persistently, or always) misidentified (or mistaken).
Answer: misidentified
- 2 Answer: emotions
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2. The result of Ekman’s study made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain _____
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the adjective “certain”.
From the text, it clearly indicates that some facial expressions correspond to (or have relation, or have something to do with) particular (or certain) emotions.
Answer: emotions
- 3 Answer: cultural background
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3. which is impossible covered, despite of _____
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and cannot be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the phrase “despite of”.
Note that “regardless of” equals “despite of”, “impossible” equals “cannot”.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions cannot be covere, regardless (despite) of cultural background.
Answer: cultural background
- 4 Answer: isolated
Keywords in Questions
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Q4. and whether the culture has been ____ or _____ to the mainstream.
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and cannot be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream
Note:
The answer should be verbs (past participle) to come after “to be” in passive form.
Note that “regardless of” equals “despite of”, “impossible” equals “cannot”.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions cannot be covered, regardless of whether culture has been isolated or exposed from the mainstream.
Answer:
Q4. isolated
- 5 Answer: exposed
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5. and whether the culture has been ____ or _____ to the mainstream.
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and cannot be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream
Note:
The answer should be verbs (past participle) to come after “to be” in passive form.
Note that “regardless of” equals “despite of”, “impossible” equals “cannot”.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions cannot be covered, regardless of whether culture has been isolated or exposed from the mainstream.
Answer:
Q5. exposed
Questions 6-11
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
6 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions
7 the importance of culture on facial expressions is initially described
8 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
9 the features on the sociality of several facial expressions
10 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
11 the relation between emotion and facial expressions
- 6 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q6. the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions.
Paragraph C. Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to the same.
Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting.
Note:
From the text, we can understand that facial expressions can be difficult to interpret (or to read, to identify their meaning) due to the limited range of movement allowed by our facial features.
Answer: C
- 7 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7. the importance of culture on facial expressions is initially described
Paragraph A. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin
Note:
The text suggests that cultural background has some significance when it comes to the perception of facial expressions, as was described by Charles Darwin in the past (or initially described).
Answer: A
- 8 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8. collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
Paragraph D. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races.
Note:
Scan the keyword “blink” to find the possible answer in paragraph D.
The text indicates that blink rate can reveal the mental state of an individual and research data has been used to determine the success rate of presidential candidates during elections.
Answer: D
- 9 Answer: H
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q9. the features on the sociality of several facial expressions
Paragraph H. Expressions Ekman found to be universally included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise (not that none of these emotions has a definitive social component, such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude).
Note:
Scan the keyword “social” to find the possible answer in paragraph H.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions have a definitive social component (or sociality features) like anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise whereas others like shame, pride, etc are difficult to identify because of less cultural significance.
Answer: H
- 10 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q10. an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
Paragraph D Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.
Note:
After scanning with the keyword “nervousness” you will find that paragraph D may be the answer.
It is stated that Nervousness can also be measured (to know how much, or the extent of nervouness) by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness (meaning expressions are used as an indicator)
Answer: D
- 11 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q11. the relation between emotion and facial expressions
Paragraph B. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions of certain emotions.
Note:
The text in paragraph B suggests that expressions are closely tied to (or associated with) emotion, meaning they have a strong relation.
Answer: B
Questions 12-13
Choose two letters from the A-E
Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet
Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 12-13 Answer: B,D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q12-13. Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.
B The potential relationship between facial expression and state of mind exists.
C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.
D Different areas on face convey a certain state of mind.
E Mind controls men’s facial expressions more obvious than women’s.
Paragraph E. As Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals: the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.
Paragraph H. This may suggest that facial expressions are largely related to the mind and each part on the face can express specific emotion.
Note:
Skim through passages to find that paragraph E, F and H mention Ekman’s theory.
In paragraph E, Darwin proposed that people express the same state of mind by the same movements, meaning there is a relationship between the two things. Ekman later supported that belief.
In paragraph H, it is stated that each part on the face (or different areas on face) can express (or convey) specific (or certain) emotion (or state of mind).
Answer: B, D
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| 10 | sarbast nadir |  | 8.0 | 22:20 |
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详细试卷答案解析:
Questions 1-5
Summary
Complete the Summary paragraph below. In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS
The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently 1 and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain 2 . Which is impossible covered, despite of 3 and whether the culture has been 4 or 5 to the mainstream.
- 1 Answer: misidentified
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1. The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently _____
Paragraph G. While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified.
Note:
The answer should be an Adjective or a Verb to follow the adverb “persistently”.
From the text, it clearly indicates that both fear and surprise were two expressions that were constantly (or persistently, or always) misidentified (or mistaken).
Answer: misidentified
- 2 Answer: emotions
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2. The result of Ekman’s study made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain _____
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the adjective “certain”.
From the text, it clearly indicates that some facial expressions correspond to (or have relation, or have something to do with) particular (or certain) emotions.
Answer: emotions
- 3 Answer: cultural background
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3. which is impossible covered, despite of _____
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and cannot be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the phrase “despite of”.
Note that “regardless of” equals “despite of”, “impossible” equals “cannot”.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions cannot be covere, regardless (despite) of cultural background.
Answer: cultural background
- 4 Answer: isolated
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4. and whether the culture has been ____ or _____ to the mainstream.
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and cannot be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream
Note:
The answer should be verbs (past participle) to come after “to be” in passive form.
Note that “regardless of” equals “despite of”, “impossible” equals “cannot”.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions cannot be covered, regardless of whether culture has been isolated or exposed from the mainstream.
Answer:
Q4. isolated
- 5 Answer: exposed
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5. and whether the culture has been ____ or _____ to the mainstream.
Paragraph G. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and cannot be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream
Note:
The answer should be verbs (past participle) to come after “to be” in passive form.
Note that “regardless of” equals “despite of”, “impossible” equals “cannot”.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions cannot be covered, regardless of whether culture has been isolated or exposed from the mainstream.
Answer:
Q5. exposed
Questions 6-11
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
6 the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions
7 the importance of culture on facial expressions is initially described
8 collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
9 the features on the sociality of several facial expressions
10 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
11 the relation between emotion and facial expressions
- 6 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q6. the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions.
Paragraph C. Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to the same.
Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting.
Note:
From the text, we can understand that facial expressions can be difficult to interpret (or to read, to identify their meaning) due to the limited range of movement allowed by our facial features.
Answer: C
- 7 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7. the importance of culture on facial expressions is initially described
Paragraph A. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin
Note:
The text suggests that cultural background has some significance when it comes to the perception of facial expressions, as was described by Charles Darwin in the past (or initially described).
Answer: A
- 8 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8. collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections
Paragraph D. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races.
Note:
Scan the keyword “blink” to find the possible answer in paragraph D.
The text indicates that blink rate can reveal the mental state of an individual and research data has been used to determine the success rate of presidential candidates during elections.
Answer: D
- 9 Answer: H
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q9. the features on the sociality of several facial expressions
Paragraph H. Expressions Ekman found to be universally included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise (not that none of these emotions has a definitive social component, such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude).
Note:
Scan the keyword “social” to find the possible answer in paragraph H.
The text suggests that certain facial expressions have a definitive social component (or sociality features) like anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness and surprise whereas others like shame, pride, etc are difficult to identify because of less cultural significance.
Answer: H
- 10 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q10. an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness
Paragraph D Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.
Note:
After scanning with the keyword “nervousness” you will find that paragraph D may be the answer.
It is stated that Nervousness can also be measured (to know how much, or the extent of nervouness) by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness (meaning expressions are used as an indicator)
Answer: D
- 11 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q11. the relation between emotion and facial expressions
Paragraph B. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions of certain emotions.
Note:
The text in paragraph B suggests that expressions are closely tied to (or associated with) emotion, meaning they have a strong relation.
Answer: B
Questions 12-13
Choose two letters from the A-E
Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet
Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- 12-13 Answer: B,D
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q12-13. Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory?
A No evidence shows animals have their own facial expressions.
B The potential relationship between facial expression and state of mind exists.
C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures.
D Different areas on face convey a certain state of mind.
E Mind controls men’s facial expressions more obvious than women’s.
Paragraph E. As Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals: the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.
Paragraph H. This may suggest that facial expressions are largely related to the mind and each part on the face can express specific emotion.
Note:
Skim through passages to find that paragraph E, F and H mention Ekman’s theory.
In paragraph E, Darwin proposed that people express the same state of mind by the same movements, meaning there is a relationship between the two things. Ekman later supported that belief.
In paragraph H, it is stated that each part on the face (or different areas on face) can express (or convey) specific (or certain) emotion (or state of mind).
Answer: B, D
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage contains seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph stales the following information?
Write the appropriate letter A-G, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 It is unnecessary to modify vehicles driven by bio-diesel.
15 Some algae are considered edible plants.
16 Algae could be part of a sustainable and recycled source.
17 Algae biodiesel is superior to other bio-fuels in a lot of ways.
18 overgrown algae also can be a potential threat to the environment
- 14 Answer: D
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Q14.
It is unnecessary to modify vehicles driven by bio-diesel.
Paragraph D. Blended with conventional mineral diesel, bio-diesel can run vehicles without the need for vehicle modifications.
Note:
From the text, we can understand that bio-diesel can run vehicles (or vehicles driven by bio-diesel can run) without the need for vehicle modifications, meaning such a process is unnecessary.
Answer: D
- 15 Answer: E
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Q15. Some algae are considered edible plants.
Paragraph E.
Algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners and livestock feed.
Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including fat choy, a cyanobacterium considered a vegetable; Japan, over 20 species.
Note:
The text suggests that Algae are used by humans as livestock feed (or food for animals). They are also national foods (or considered edible plants) of many nations.
Answer: E
- 16 Answer: C
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Q16. Algae could be part of a sustainable and recycled source.
Paragraph C. Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a sustainable, low cost, cleaner-burning fuel alternative […] It is a renewable indigenous resource ideally suited to the production of fuel
Note:
The text indicates that Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a sustainable, low cost, cleaner-burning fuel alternative, meaning algae provide such a sustainable sources of fuel […] It is a renewable indigenous resource, meaning it can be recycled after use.
Answer: C
- 17 Answer: G
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Q17. Algae biodiesel is superior to other bio-fuels in a lot of ways.
Paragraph G. Unlike some bio-fuels which require crops to be specially grown and thereby compete for land use with food production, and use other scarce resources of fuel, chemicals and fertilisers, the source for algae-based biodiesel already exists extensively and the process produces a sustainable net energy gain by capturing free solar energy from the sun.
Note:
Scan the keyword “social” to find the possible answer in paragraph H.
The text suggests that Algae biodiesel is superior to other bio-fuels because it is unlike such bio-fuels which harm the environment, and in a lot of ways, because it exists extensively and has a green production process.
Answer: G
- 18 Answer: F
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Q18. overgrown algae also can be a potential threat to the environment
Paragraph F. Although algae are good at taking most of the nutrients out of sewage, too many algae can taint the water and make it smell.
Note:
“Although algae are good” hints that there will be negative effects of algae following that clause.
It is stated that too many algae (or overgrown algae) can taint (or pollute) the water and make it smell, meaning they can pose a potential threat to the environment.
Answer: F
Questions 19-23
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage.
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
Bio-diesel based on algae could become a substitute for 19 in New Zealand. It could be used to 20 vehicles such as cars and boats. As a result, billions of litres of bio-diesel are required worldwide each year. Algae can be obtained from 21 with nutrient materials. With the technology breakthrough, algae are extracted and the 22 is removed from the settling ponds. Dairy farmers and many food processors can adopt such 23 technology.
- 19 Answer: fuel
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Q19. Bio-diesel based on algae could become a substitute for _____ in New Zealand.
Paragraph C. Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a sustainable, low cost, cleaner-burning fuel alternative for New Zealand.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the preposition “for”.
From the text, it clearly indicates that Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a fuel alternative (or a substitute for fuel) for New Zealand.
Answer: fuel
- 20 Answer: power
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Q20. Its uses include _____ vehicles such as cars and boats.
Paragraph C. Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a sustainable, low cost, cleaner-burning fuel alternative for New Zealand, powering family cars, trucks, buses and boats.
Note:
The answer should be a Verb to complete the phrase “be used to do something”.
From the text, Bio-diesel based on algae could power vehicles (like family cars, trucks, buses and boats). This is one of its uses.
Answer: power
- 21 Answer: water streams
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Q21. Algae can be obtained from ____ with nutrient materials.
Paragraph C. Algae are also readily available and produced in huge volumes in nutrient-rich waste streams such as at the settling ponds of Effluent Management Systems (EMS).
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the preposition “from”.
The text suggests that Algae are readily available and produced in (or can be obtained from) nutrient-rich waste streams (or waste streams with nutrient materials).
Answer: waste streams
- 22 Answer: contaminate
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Q22. With the technology breakthrough, algae are extracted and the ____ is removed from the settling ponds.
Paragraph C. Aquaflow, agreed to undertake a pilot with Marlborough District Council late last year to extract algae from the settling ponds of its EMS based in Blenheim. By removing the main contaminant to use as a fuel feedstock
Note:
The answer should be a Noun to follow the article “the”.
The text suggests that a breakthrough from Aquaflow agreed to undertake a pilot (or experience) to extract algae from the settling ponds and remove the main contaminant to use as a fuel feedstock.
Notice the paraphrase from active voice in the text to passive voice in Q9.
Answer: contaminant
- 23 Answer: harvesting
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Q23. Dairy farmers and many food processors can adopt such _____ technology.
Paragraph C. Dairy farmers, and many food processors too, can benefit in similar ways by applying the harvesting technology to their nutrient-rich waste streams.
Note:
The answer should be an Adjective to come before the Noun “technology” to form a noun phrase.
The text suggests that Dairy farmers, and many food processors apply (or adopt) the harvesting technology to their nutrient-rich waste streams.
Answer: harvesting
Questions 24-26
Choose words from the passage to answer the questions 24-26.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
What environmental standard would bio-diesel vehicles are to meet?
24
What is to do like the immediate plan for coming years for Aquaflow?
25
Through what kind of process do algae obtain and store energy?
26
- 24 Answer: photosynthesis
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Q24. What environmental standard would bio-diesel vehicles are to meet?
Paragraph D. Blended with conventional mineral diesel, bio-diesel can run vehicles without the need for vehicle modifications. Fuel derived from algae can also help meet the Government B5 (5% blended) target,
Note:
The answer should be a Noun because the question asks “What?”.
From the text, it clearly indicates that biodiesel can run vehicles without the need for vehicle modifications. Fuel derived from algae can also help such bio-diesel vehicles to meet the Government B5 (a standard).
Answer: Government B5
- 25 Answer: Government B5
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Q25. What are people going to do as an immediate plan for the coming years for Aquaflow?
Paragraph D. “Our next step is to increase capacity to produce one million litres of bio-diesel from the Marlborough sewerage ponds over the next year,” says Leay. Aquaflow will launch a prospectus pre-Christmas
Note:
The answer should be a Verb to match the question “what to do”.
From the text, it is said that the next step (or immediate plan) is to increase capacity and Aquaflow will launch a prospectus (or such a scheme) pre-Christmas.
Answer: to increase capacity
- 26 Answer: capacity
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Q26. Through what kind of process do algae obtain and store energy?
Paragraph F. Algae are the simplest plant organisms that convert sunlight and carbon dioxide in the air around us into stored energy through the well-understood process of photosynthesis.
Note:
The answer should be a Noun (a process name) because the question asks “Through what kind of process…?”.
The text suggests that Algae help collect energy and store it through the process of photosynthesis.
Answer: photosynthesis
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.
Why does the writer have a mixed feeling about the book?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q27. Why does the writer have a mixed feeling about the book? A The guilty feeling made him so. B The writer expected it to be better than it was. C Sacks failed to include his personal stories in the book. D This is the only book written by Sacks. | Paragraph A. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed. |
Note: It can be inferred that the author’s reactions to the book are mixed because he already overestimated the book but some parts of it may not come up to his expectation. He would see both good and bad points in it. Answer A is a trap if you just scan. The guilty feeling is caused by the author’s mixed reactions to the book, not the reason for those reactions. Answer: B | |
What is the best part of the book?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q28. What is the best part of the book? A the photo of Sacks listening to music B the tone of voice of the book C the autobiographical description in the book D the description of Sacks’ wealth | Paragraph B. Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. |
Note: It is stated clearly that Sacks himself (or the part about his autobiography) is the best part of Musicophilia. Answer: C | |
In the preface, what did Sacks try to achieve?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q29. In the preface, what did Sacks try to achieve? A make a herald introduction of the research work and technique applied B give a detailed description of various musical disorders C explain how people understand music D explain why he needs to do away with the simple observation | Paragraph C. In it, Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the “enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perception and imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone.” He wants to combine “observation and description with the latest in technology,” |
Note: Scan the keyword “preface” to find the answer in paragraph C. The text says that in the preface, Sacks introduces (or explains) a body of work (or research) on many aspects and hints at the approaches he used in research. Answer: A | |
What is disappointing about Tony Cicoria’s case?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q30. What is disappointing about Tony Cicoria’s case? A He refuses to have further tests. B He can’t determine the cause of his sudden musicality. C He nearly died because of the lightning. D His brain waves were too normal to show anything. | Paragraph D. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. |
Note: Scan the keyword “Cicoria” to find the answer in paragraph D. The text says that Cicoria has declined (or refused) to undergo (or do) them (sensitive tests). Answer: A | |
Questions 31-36
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
31 It is difficult to give a well-reputable writer a less than totally favorable review.
32 Beethoven’s Pathetique Sonata is a good treatment for musical disorders.
33 Sacks believes technological methods is of little importance compared with traditional observation when studying his patients.
34 It is difficult to understand why music therapy is undervalued
35 Sacks held little skepticism when borrowing other theories and findings in describing reasons and notion for phenomena he depicts in the book.
36 Sacks is in a rush to use new testing methods to do treatment for patients.
- 31 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
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Q31. It is difficult to give a well-reputable writer a less than totally favorable review.
Paragraph A. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia […] And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.
Note:
This line from the passage confirms that the author had a high expectation of a well-reputable (or famous) writer, and he felt guilty not giving his book a totally favorable (or positive) review (his reactions are mixed).
So, it can be inferred that giving a well-reputable writer a less than totally favorable review is difficult.
Answer: YES
- 32 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
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Q32. Beethoven’s Pathetique Sonata is a good treatment for musical disorders.
Paragraph B. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethoven’s Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is borne out by the contents of the book.
Note:
Scan the keyword “Beethoven’s Pathetique Sonata” in paragraph B.
There is no information confirming that Beethoven’s Pathetique Sonata is a good treatment for musical disorders.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 33 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q33. Sacks believes technological methods are of little importance compared with traditional observation when studying his patients.
Paragraph C. Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is torn between the “old-fashioned” path of observation and the new-fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former.
Note:
This line from the passage states that Sacks is torn between (or not know exactly which one to choose) the “old-fashioned” (or traditional) path of observation and the new-fangled, high-tech approach (or method): He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter (he believe technological methods are more important to adopt), but his heart lies with the former (he still wants to use the old approach).
Q7 denies the importance of technological methods in comparison with traditional observation, so it is wrong.
Answer: NO
- 34 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
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Q34. It is difficult to understand why music therapy is undervalued
Paragraph F. To Sacks’s credit, part III, “Memory, Movement and Music,” brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy.
Note:
It can be inferred from the text that Music therapy is underappreciated, but there is no reason for that situation.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 35 Answer: YES
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Q35. Sacks held little skepticism when borrowing other theories and findings in describing reasons and notions for phenomena he depicts in the book.
Paragraph G. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories.
Note:
It is stated that Sacks tends to be rather uncritical (or he holds little skepticism) in accepting (or when borrowing) scientific findings and theories.
Answer: YES
- 36 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q36. Sacks is in a rush to use new testing methods to do treatment for patients.
Paragraph J. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders.
Note:
It can be inferred from the passage that Sacks isn’t in a rush (he conveys no sense of urgency or finds no need to be in a hurry) about the pursuit of new avenues (or methods) in the diagnosis (or testing) and treatment of music-brain disorders.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
Questions 37-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
| A | show no music-brain disorders. |
| B | indicates that medication can have varied results. |
| C | is key for the neurological community to unravel the mysteries. |
| D | should not be used in isolation. |
| E | indicate that not everyone can receive a good education. |
| F | show a misconception that there is a function centre localized in the brain |
37 The content covered dissociations in understanding between harmony and melody
38 The study of treating musical disorders
39 The EEG scans of Sacks’ patients
40 Sacks believes testing based on new technologies
- 37 Answer: F
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Q37. The content covered dissociations in understanding between harmony and melody _____
Paragraph H. He might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity.
Note:
It can be inferred from the passage that dissociations among components of music comprehension (or understanding), such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody show a misconception (people still believe) that there is a function centre (or music centre) localized in the brain
Answer: F. show a misconception that there is a function centre localized in the brain
- 38 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
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Q38. The study of treating musical disorders _____
Paragraph J. Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no “cures” for neurological problems involving music; their effectiveness varies widely.
Note:
It is stated that there are no perfect cures (or treatments) for neurological problems involving music (or musical disorders), because their effectiveness varies widely (or medication can have varied results).
Answer: B. indicates that medication can have varied results.
- 39 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
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Q39. The EEG scans of Sacks’ patients ____
Paragraph J. in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have “normal” EEG results.
Note:
It is stated that the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have “normal” EEG results (showing no music-brain disorders).
Answer: A. show no music-brain disorders
- 40 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
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Q40. Sacks believes testing based on new technologies _____
Paragraph J. Sacks expresses fear that “the simple art of observation may be lost” if we rely too much on new technologies.
Note:
It can be inferred that according to Sacks, the simple art of observation may be lost if testing based on new technologies only, meaning that technological methods should not be used in isolation (or used separately).
Answer: D. should not be used in isolation
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 -13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Facial Expression 1
A
A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles in the skin. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communication. They are a primary means of conveying social information among aliens, but also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver can, to some extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin.
B
Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action. However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so; a person who is trying to avoid insulting an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might, nevertheless, show a brief expression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression. Microexpressions are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the order direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion.
C
Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different species – anger and extreme contentment being the primary examples. Others, however, are difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can be tough to tell apart. Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to the same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting.
D
Also, a person’s eyes reveal much about hos they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person maybe. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce’s data is interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channelled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness.
E
As Charles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals: the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements. Still, up to the mid-20th century, most anthropologists believed that facial expressions were entirely learned and could, therefore, differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree.
F
Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins. Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures. The South Fore people of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey. The study consisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population, as well as twenty-three members of the culture who lived a less isolated lifestyle as a control group. Participants were told a story that described one particular emotion; they were then shown three pictures (two for children) of facial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story’s emotion.
G
While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream.
H
Expressions Ekman found to be universally included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise (not that none of these emotions has a definitive social component, such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude). Findings on contempt (which is social) are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized. This may suggest that the facial expressions are largely related to the mind and each part on the face can express specific emotion.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 - 26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Aqua Product: New zealand ‘s Algae Biodiesel
A
The world’s first wild algae biodiesel, produced in New Zealand by Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation, was successfully test-driven in Wellington by the Minister for Energy and Climate Change Issues, David Parker. In front of a crowd of invited guests, media and members of the public, the Minister filled up a diesel-powered Land Rover with Aquaflow B5 blend bio-diesel and then drove the car around the forecourt of Parliament Buildings in Central Wellington. Green Party co-leader, Jeanette Fitzsimons was also on board. Marlborough-based Aquaflow announced on May 2006 that it had produced the world’s first bio-diesel derived from wild microalgae sourced from local sewage ponds.
B
“We believe we are the first company in the world to test drive a car powered by wild algae-based biodiesel. This will come as a surprise to some international bio-diesel industry people who believe that this break-through is still years away,” explains Aquaflow spokesperson Barrie Leay. “A bunch of inventive Kiwis and an Aussie have developed this fuel in just over a year”, he comments. “This is a huge opportunity for New Zealand and a great credit to the team of people who saw the potential in this technology from day one.”
C
Bio-diesel based on algae could eventually become a sustainable, low cost, cleaner-burning fuel alternative for New Zealand, powering family cars, trucks, buses and boats. It can also be used for other purposes such as heating or distributed electricity generation. There is now a global demand for billions of litres of biodiesel per year. Algae are also readily available and produced in huge volumes in nutrient-rich waste streams such as at the settling ponds of Effluent Management Systems (EMS). It is a renewable indigenous resource ideally suited to the production of fuel and other useful by-products. The breakthrough comes after technology start-up, Aquaflow, agreed to undertake a pilot with Marlborough District Council late last year to extract algae from the settling ponds of its EMS based in Blenheim. By removing the main contaminant to use as a fuel feedstock, Aquaflow is also helping clean up the council’s water discharge – a process known as bio-remediation. Dairy farmers, and many food processors too, can benefit in similar ways by applying the harvesting technology to their nutrient-rich waste streams.
D
Blended with conventional mineral diesel, bio-diesel can run vehicles without the need for vehicle modifications. Fuel derived from algae can also help meet the Government B5 (5% blended) target, with the prospect of this increase over time as bio-fuel production increases. “Our next step is to increase capacity to produce one million litres of bio-diesel from the Marlborough sewerage ponds over the next year,” says Leay. Aquaflow will launch a prospectus pre-Christmas as the company has already attracted considerable interest from potential investors. The test drive bio-diesel was used successfully in a static engine test at Massey University’s Wellington campus on Monday, December 11.
E
Today Algae are used by humans in many ways; for example, as fertilizers, soil conditioners and livestock feed. Aquatic and microscopic species are cultured in clear tanks or ponds and are either harvested or used to treat effluents pumped through the ponds. Algaculture on a large scale is an important type of aquaculture in some places. Naturally growing seaweeds are an important source of food, especially in Asia. They provide many vitamins including A, B, B2, B6, niacin and C, and are rich in iodine, potassium, iron, magnesium and calcium. In addition, commercially cultivated microalgae, including both Algae and Cyan-bacteria, are marketed as nutritional supplements, such as Spirulina, Chlorella and the Vitamin-C supplement, Dunaliella, high in beta-carotene. Algae are national foods of many nations: China consumes more than 70 species, including fat choy, a cyanobacterium considered a vegetable; Japan, over 20 species. The natural pigments produced by algae can be used as an alternative to chemical dyes and coloring agents.
F
Algae are the simplest plant organisms that convert sunlight and carbon dioxide in the air around us into stored energy through the well-understood process of photosynthesis. Algae are rich in lipids and other combustible elements and Aquaflow is developing technology that will allow these elements to be extracted in a cost-effective way. The proposed process is the subject of a provisional patent. Although algae are good at taking most of the nutrients out of sewage, too many algae can taint the water and make it smell. So, councils have to find a way of cleaning up the excess algae in their sewerage outflows and then either dispose of it or find alternative uses for it. And that’s where Aquaflow comes in.
G
Unlike some bio-fuels which require crops to be specially grown and thereby compete for land use with food production, and use other scarce resources of fuel, chemicals and fertiliser, the source for algae-based biodiesel already exists extensively and the process produces a sustainable net energy gain by capturing free solar energy from the sun.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 - 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Book review on Musicophilia
Norman M. Weinberger reviews the latest work of Oliver Sacks on music.
A
Music and the brain are both endlessly fascinating subjects, and as a neuroscientist specialising in auditory learning and memory, I find them especially intriguing. So I had high expectations of Musicophilia, the latest offering from neurologist and prolific author Oliver Sacks. And I confess to feeling a little guilty reporting that my reactions to the book are mixed.
B
Sacks himself is the best part of Musicophilia. He richly documents his own life in the book and reveals highly personal experiences. The photograph of him on the cover of the book-which shows him wearing headphones, eyes closed, clearly enchanted as he listens to Alfred Brendel perform Beethoven’s Pathetique Sonata-makes a positive impression that is borne out by the contents of the book. Sacks’ voice throughout is steady and erudite but never pontifical. He is neither self-conscious nor self-promoting.
C
The preface gives a good idea of what the book will deliver. In it, Sacks explains that he wants to convey the insights gleaned from the “enormous and rapidly growing body of work on the neural underpinnings of musical perception and imagery, and the complex and often bizarre disorders to which these are prone.” He also stresses the importance of “the simple art of observation” and “the richness of the human context.” He wants to combine “observation and description with the latest in technology,” he says, and to imaginatively enter into the experience of his patients and subjects. The reader can see that Sacks, who has been practicing neurology for 40 years, is torn between the “old-fashioned” path of observation and the new-fangled, high-tech approach: He knows that he needs to take heed of the latter, but his heart lies with the former.
D
The book consists mainly of detailed descriptions of cases, most of them involving patients whom Sacks has seen in his practice. Brief discussions of contemporary neuroscientific reports are sprinkled liberally throughout the text. Part, “Haunted by Music,” begins with the strange case of Tony Cicoria, a nonmusical, middle-aged surgeon who was consumed by a love of music after being hit by lightning. He suddenly began to crave listening to piano music, which he had never cared for in the past. He started to play the piano and then to compose music, which arose spontaneously in his mind in a “torrent” of notes. How could this happen? Was the cause psychological? (He had had a near-death experience when the lightning struck him.) Or was it the direct result of a change in the auditory regions of his cerebral cortex? Electroencephalography (EEG) showed his brain waves to be normal in the mid-1990s, just after his trauma and subsequent “conversion” to music. There are now more sensitive tests, but Cicoria, has declined to undergo them; he does not want to delve into the causes of his musicality. What a shame!
E
Part II, “A Range of Musicality,” covers a wider variety of topics, but unfortunately, some of the chapters offer little or nothing that is new. For example, chapter 13, which is five pages long, merely notes that the blind often has better hearing than the sighted. The most interesting chapters are those that present the strangest cases. Chapter 8 is about “amusia,” an inability to hear sounds like music, and “dysharmonia,” a highly specific impairment of the ability to hear harmony, with the ability to understand melody left intact. Such specific “dissociations” are found throughout the cases Sacks recounts.
F
To Sacks’s credit, part III, “Memory, Movement and Music,” brings us into the underappreciated realm of music therapy. Chapter 16 explains how “melodic intonation therapy” is being used to help expressive aphasic patients (those unable to express their thoughts verbally following a stroke or other cerebral incident) once again become capable of fluent speech. In chapter 20, Sacks demonstrates the near-miraculous power of music to animate Parkinson’s patients and other people with severe movement disorders, even those who are frozen into odd postures. Scientists cannot yet explain how music achieves this effect
G
To readers who are unfamiliar with neuroscience and music behavior, Musicophilia may be something of a revelation. But the book will not satisfy those seeking the causes and implications of the phenomena Sacks describes. For one thing, Sacks appears to be more at ease discussing patients than discussing experiments. And he tends to be rather uncritical in accepting scientific findings and theories.
H
It’s true that the causes of music-brain oddities remain poorly understood. However, Sacks could have done more to draw out some of the implications of the careful observations that he and other neurologists have made and of the treatments that have been successful. For example, he might have noted that the many specific dissociations among components of music comprehension, such as loss of the ability to perceive harmony but not melody, indicate that there is no music center in the brain. Because many people who read the book are likely to believe in the brain localisation of all mental functions, this was a missed educational opportunity.
I
Another conclusion one could draw is that there seem to be no “cures” for neurological problems involving music. A drug can alleviate a symptom in one patient and aggravate it in another or can have both positive and negative effects in the same patient. Treatments mentioned seem to be almost exclusively antiepileptic medications, which “damp down” the excitability of the brain in general; their effectiveness varies widely.
J
Finally, in many of the cases described here the patient with music-brain symptoms is reported to have “normal” EEG results. Although Sacks recognises the existence of new technologies, among them far more sensitive ways to analyze brain waves than the standard neurological EEG test, he does not call for their use. In fact, although he exhibits the greatest compassion for patients, he conveys no sense of urgency about the pursuit of new avenues in the diagnosis and treatment of music-brain disorders. This absence echoes the book’s preface, in which Sacks expresses fear that “the simple art of observation may be lost” if we rely too much on new technologies. He does call for both approaches, though, and we can only hope that the neurological community will respond.
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