正确答案:
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 B
- 2 A
- 3 F
- 4 C
- 5 TRUE
- 6 NOT GIVEN
- 7 TRUE
- 8 FALSE
- 9 B
- 10 B
- 11 C
- 12 D
- 13 A
Answer Keys
- 1 B
- 2 A
- 3 F
- 4 C
- 5 TRUE
- 6 NOT GIVEN
- 7 TRUE
- 8 FALSE
- 9 B
- 10 B
- 11 C
- 12 D
- 13 A
Part 2: Question 14 - 26
- 14 F
- 15 B
- 16 G
- 17 C
- 18 NOT GIVEN
- 19 YES
- 20 NO
- 21 YES
- 22 (star-stock) analysts
- 23 star performer
- 24 working environment
- 25 salary
- 26 rivals
Answer Keys
- 14 F
- 15 B
- 16 G
- 17 C
- 18 NOT GIVEN
- 19 YES
- 20 NO
- 21 YES
- 22 (star-stock) analysts
- 23 star performer
- 24 working environment
- 25 salary
- 26 rivals
Part 3: Question 27 - 40
- 27 D
- 28 C
- 29 B
- 30 C
- 31 C
- 32 B
- 33 E
- 34 D
- 35 F
- 36 NOT GIVEN
- 37 YES
- 38 YES
- 39 NO
- 40 NO
Answer Keys
- 27 D
- 28 C
- 29 B
- 30 C
- 31 C
- 32 B
- 33 E
- 34 D
- 35 F
- 36 NOT GIVEN
- 37 YES
- 38 YES
- 39 NO
- 40 NO
Questions 1-4
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 Substance released to help plants themselves.
2 Scent helps plant’s pollination.
3 Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance.
4 Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection.
- 1 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1: Substance released to help plants themselves.
Paragraph B: The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
“Substance” refers to “volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant” such as “terpenes” in injured pine tree’s “resin” and “(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate” in “tobacco volatiles”
Answer: B
- 2 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2: Scent helps plant’s pollination.
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Scent”.
“Scent” – “scented flowers”
Matching keywords:
“help plant’s pollination” – “help the plant attract pollinators”
Answer: A
- 3 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3: Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance
Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “genetic” and “fragrance”.
“Practice” refers to “genetic manipulation” such as “petunia and carnation plants” with “linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri” and “tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases”
Answer: F
- 4 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4: Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection
Paragraph C: Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “herbivore”
Only this paragraph mentioned “herbivore”
After that, paragraph C describes many examples to explain how “Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection” such as
+ “parasitic wasps”
+ “ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol”
Answer: C
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
5 We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators.
6 Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
7 Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest.
8 Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
- 5 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5: We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “scent attracts pollinators”
Matching key words:
“few” – “little”
“evidence” – “scientific proof of it exists”
“Answer: TRUE
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q6: Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
Paragraph B: Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Heliothis virescens”
Only paragraph B contain information about “Heliothis virescens”, “laying eggs” and “tobacco”; however, it doesn’t mention whether “Heliothis virescens” will eat those tobacco leaves or not. This paragraph only describes the way “tobacco volatiles” “deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants”
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 7 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7: Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest
Paragraph C: Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “ants” and “rainforest”
Only paragraph C contain information about “ants”
“volatiles” refers to “methyl salicylate” which is “a reward offered by the tree”
“guard plants” – “attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter”
Answer: TRUE
- 8 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8: Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
Paragraph D: Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production.
Note:
“only affects fruit trees’ production” contradicts “as well as” crop yield
Answer: FALSE
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q9: How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
| Paragraph C: These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “wasps” Only paragraph C contain information about “wasps” by using example to explain “volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs” Answer: B | |
What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States.
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q10: What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States
| Paragraph D: A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “honeybees” Only paragraph C contain information about “honeybees” Answer: B | |
Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11: Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
| Paragraph E: Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “artificial” Only paragraph E contain information about drawbacks of “artificial fragrance” Answer: C | |
The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12: The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
| Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “$30 billion” Paragraph F describes the scent “play an important aesthetic role in human life”. As can be seen that “$30 billion” was added to emphasize the “important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance” Answer: D | |
What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13: What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
| Paragraph F: The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. |
Note: We can search “linalool” as the key word to locate the position in the passage Answer: A | |
排行榜:
| # | 用户 | 得分 | 时间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jaehyeon Song |  | 9.0 | 15:08 | |
| mojisola ajibade |  | 9.0 | 15:14 | |
| Kongkaet Chuaysatit |  | 9.0 | 15:19 | |
| 4 | Yang Yu |  | 9.0 | 15:33 |
| 5 | Long Vũ Thanh |  | 9.0 | 15:34 |
| 6 | Atticus Wong |  | 9.0 | 15:45 |
| 7 | PAUL SAI RAM |  | 9.0 | 15:59 |
| 8 | long pham | | 9.0 | 16:14 |
| 9 | Tùng Nguyễn Thanh | | 9.0 | 17:34 |
| 10 | Chathuri Gamage |  | 9.0 | 17:38 |
提高雅思成绩的小贴士
详细试卷答案解析:
Questions 1-4
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1 Substance released to help plants themselves.
2 Scent helps plant’s pollination.
3 Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance.
4 Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection.
- 1 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q1: Substance released to help plants themselves.
Paragraph B: The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
“Substance” refers to “volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant” such as “terpenes” in injured pine tree’s “resin” and “(Z)-3-hexenyl acetate” in “tobacco volatiles”
Answer: B
- 2 Answer: A
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q2: Scent helps plant’s pollination.
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Scent”.
“Scent” – “scented flowers”
Matching keywords:
“help plant’s pollination” – “help the plant attract pollinators”
Answer: A
- 3 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q3: Practice on genetic experiment of fragrance
Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “genetic” and “fragrance”.
“Practice” refers to “genetic manipulation” such as “petunia and carnation plants” with “linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri” and “tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases”
Answer: F
- 4 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q4: Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection
Paragraph C: Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “herbivore”
Only this paragraph mentioned “herbivore”
After that, paragraph C describes many examples to explain how “Plant’s scent attracts herbivore’s enemy for protection” such as
+ “parasitic wasps”
+ “ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol”
Answer: C
Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
5 We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators.
6 Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
7 Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest.
8 Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
- 5 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q5: We have few evidence to support the idea that scent attracts pollinators
Paragraph A: Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “scent attracts pollinators”
Matching key words:
“few” – “little”
“evidence” – “scientific proof of it exists”
“Answer: TRUE
- 6 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q6: Heliothis virescens won’t eat those tobacco leaves on which they laid eggs.
Paragraph B: Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “Heliothis virescens”
Only paragraph B contain information about “Heliothis virescens”, “laying eggs” and “tobacco”; however, it doesn’t mention whether “Heliothis virescens” will eat those tobacco leaves or not. This paragraph only describes the way “tobacco volatiles” “deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants”
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 7 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q7: Certain ants are attracted by volatiles to guard plants in rainforest
Paragraph C: Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
Note:
The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail are “ants” and “rainforest”
Only paragraph C contain information about “ants”
“volatiles” refers to “methyl salicylate” which is “a reward offered by the tree”
“guard plants” – “attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter”
Answer: TRUE
- 8 Answer: FALSE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8: Pollination only affects fruit trees’ production rather than other crop trees.
Paragraph D: Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production.
Note:
“only affects fruit trees’ production” contradicts “as well as” crop yield
Answer: FALSE
Questions 9-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.
How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q9: How do wasps protect plants when they are attracted by scents according to the passage?
| Paragraph C: These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “wasps” Only paragraph C contain information about “wasps” by using example to explain “volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs” Answer: B | |
What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States.
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q10: What reason caused a number of honeybees decline in the United States
| Paragraph D: A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “honeybees” Only paragraph C contain information about “honeybees” Answer: B | |
Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q11: Which of the following drawbacks about artificial fragrance is NOT mentioned in the passage?
| Paragraph E: Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “artificial” Only paragraph E contain information about drawbacks of “artificial fragrance” Answer: C | |
The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q12: The number of $30 billion quoted in the passage is to illustrate the fact that:
| Paragraph F: Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. |
Note: The keyword that gives us a signal to read in detail is “$30 billion” Paragraph F describes the scent “play an important aesthetic role in human life”. As can be seen that “$30 billion” was added to emphasize the “important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance” Answer: D | |
What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q13: What is weakness of genetic experiments on fragrance?
| Paragraph F: The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. |
Note: We can search “linalool” as the key word to locate the position in the passage Answer: A | |
Questions 14-17
The Reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
14 One example from non-commerce/business settings that better system win bigger stars
15 One failed company that believes stars rather than the system
16 One suggestion that the author made to acquire employees than to win the competition nowadays
17 One metaphor to human medical anatomy that illustrates the problems of hiring stars.
- 14 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
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Q14: One example from non-commerce/business settings that better system win bigger stars.
While Chelsea and Real have the funds to be compulsive star collectors, they are less successful than Arsenal and United which have put much more emphasis on developing a setting within which. There is no settled system for the stars to blend into stars-in-the-making can flourish. (F)
Note:
In this paragraph, the author takes an example of 2 groups of football teams: Chelsea - Real Madrid and Arsenal - Manchester United to show the contrast between bigger stars (the former group) and better system (the latter).
Answer: F
- 15 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
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Q15: One failed company that believes stars rather than the system.
“Enron believed in stars because they didn’t believe in systems.” (B)
Note:
Enron believed in stars instead of the systems. However, the opposite is true when you can’t win the talent wars by hiring stars. You will only lose it if you do that.
When the question asks an example of a company, a corporation, etc., you should look for its name
Answer: B
- 16 Answer: G
Keywords in Questions
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Q16: One suggestion that the author made to acquire employees than to win the competition nowadays.
So if not by hiring stars, how do you compete in the war for talent? You grow your own.
Note:
Instead of hiring stars, the author suggests that each company should raise their own ones so they will not have to be worried about other companies stealing their stars with a higher salary.
Answer: G
- 17 Answer: C
Keywords in Questions
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Q17: One metaphor to human medical anatomy that illustrates the problems of hiring stars.
One respondent likened hiring a star to an organ transplant. The new organ can damage others by hogging the blood supply, other organs can start aching or threaten to stop working or the body can reject the transplants altogether. (C)
Note:
Matching words:
Liken - metaphor
Human medical anatomy - an organ transplant
When the author mentions “a metaphor”, he/ she means a hidden comparison. The problem of hiring stars is that they can damage others, and the company (the body) may not function normally as before because it will not be easy for new and old stars to work together.
Answer: C
Questions 18-21
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, write
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
18 McKinsey who wrote The War for Talent had not expected the huge influence made by this book.
19 Economic condition becomes one of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hire foreign employees.
20 The collapse of Enron is caused totally by an unfortunate incident instead of company’s management mistake.
21 Football clubs that focus making stars in the setting are better than simply collecting stars
- 18 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
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Q18: McKinsey who wrote The War for Talent had not expected the huge influence made by this book.
In paragraph (A), the author does mention the consultancy McKinsey which is famous for its reports “The War for Talent”.
Note:
However, there is no information about whether McKinsey was surprised by the success of the book or not.
When there is a particular name in the question, you should locate the name to see which paragraph it is in, then read that paragraph to find the answer.
Answer: Not given (NG)
- 19 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
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Q19: Economic condition becomes one of the factors which decide whether or not a country would prefer to hire foreign employees.
As the economy tightens: labour shortages are the reason the government has laid out the welcome mat for immigrants from the new Europe. (A)
Note:
Matching words:
Economic condition - labour shortages
Factor - reason
Hire foreign employees - lay out the welcome mat for immigrants
Answer: Yes (Y)
- 20 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q20: The collapse of Enron is caused totally by an unfortunate incident instead of the company's management mistake.
Enron is an example of a company which believed in stars, didn’t believe in systems and hired only the best people. (B) However, the star system like this rarely benefits the company and the consequences indirectly affect everyone. (E)
Note:
We can see that the failure of Enron does not come from an unfortunate incident but from the belief as well as the management of the company.
This is a difficult question because you have to find the answer in more than one paragraph (B and E). There is no information on any unfortunate incidents that happened to Enron.
Answer: No (N)
- 21 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
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Q21: Football clubs that focus on making stars in the setting are better than simply collecting stars.
While Chelsea and Real have the funds to be compulsive star collectors, they are less successful than Arsenal and United which have put much more emphasis on developing a setting within which stars-in-the-making can flourish.
From this information, you can see that Arsenal and United, which nurture stars, are better than Chelsea and Real, which collect stars.
Note:
Paragraph (F) mentions the football aspect of star vs system, so you should only read this paragraph to find the answer.
Matching words:
Collecting stars - star collectors
Making stars - stars-in-the-making can flourish
Answer: Yes (Y)
Questions 22-26
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage
Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet.
An investigation carried out on 1000 22 . Participants of a survey by Harvard Business Review found a company hire a 23 has negative effects. For instance, they behave considerably worse in a new team than in the 24 that they used to be. They move faster than wall street and increase their 25 . Secondly, they faced rejections or refuse from those 26 within the team. Lastly, the one who made mistakes had been punished by selling his/her stock share.
- 22 Answer: (star-stock) analysts
Keywords in Questions
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Q22: An investigation carried out on 1000 ……….
In paragraph (A), the author mentions “a study of the careers of 1,000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s…”
Note:
After the number 1000 it must be a plural noun.
Matching word: investigation - study
When you see a number, try to find it in the passages and the word(s) behind it will be the answer
Answer: (star-stock) analysts
- 23 Answer: star performer
Keywords in Questions
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Q23: Participants of a survey by Harvard Business Review found a company hire a ……… has negative effects.
“New light on why this should be so is thrown by an analysis of star behaviour in this months’ Harvard Business Review. In a study of the careers of 1,000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s, the researchers found that when a company recruited a star performer, three things happened.” (A)
Note:
The question mentions “Harvard Business Review”, so you should find that name in the passage to narrow down the answer. Since there is an “a”, the answer must be a singular countable noun.
Matching words:
Survey - study
Hire - recruit
Answer: star performer
- 24 Answer: working environment
Keywords in Questions
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Q24: For instance, they behave considerably worse in a new team than in the ……… that they used to be.
In many cases, performance dropped sharply when high performers switched employers. More of success than commonly supposed is due to the working environment that is absent in and can’t be transported to the new firm. Moreover, precisely because of their past stellar performance, stars were unwilling to learn new tricks and antagonised those who could teach them. (C)
Note:
Based on the question, the answer you should be looking for must be a noun.
In this paragraph, the author lists a number of bad behaviours of a star after changing their working environment, such as a sharp drop in performance, the unwillingness to learn new tricks or the tendency to antagonise other people in the new workplace.
Answer: working environment
- 25 Answer: salary
Keywords in Questions
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Q25: They move faster than Wall Street and increase their ………
So they moved, upping their salary as they did – 36 per cent moved on within three years, fast even for Wall Street. (C)
Note:
The answer must be in a noun form.
The question mentions specifically the name “Wall Street”, which cannot be paraphrased, you should look for it to narrow down the answer.
Matching word: increase - upping
It is said in paragraph (C) that star performers were unwilling to learn new tricks and they did things that might upset people (antagonised) who could teach them, so they increased their salary
Answer: salary
- 26 Answer: rivals
Keywords in Questions
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Q26: Secondly, they faced rejections or refuse from those ……… within the team.
Second, group performance suffered as a result of tensions and resentment by rivals within the team.
Note:
After the first thing happened, you should look for the answer in the second thing (secondly)
Matching words: rejections or refuse - tensions and resentment
It is said directly “by rivals” before the word “within the team”, so the answer is rivals
Answer: rivals
Questions 27-31
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
The children, especially boys received good education may
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q27: The children, especially boys received good education may A always comply with their parents’ words B be good at math C have a high score at school D disobey their parents’ order sometimes | Despite good education, these children did not follow the words from their parents on several occasion, especially boys in certain ages. |
Note: The keywords we need to find here are “children” and “good education”. It is quite easy to find them in paragraph B. disobey - did not follow the words from their parents Hence, the answer is D Answer: D | |
Face to their children’s compliance and noncompliance, parents
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q28: Face to their children’s compliance and noncompliance, parents A must be aware of the compliance B ask for help from their teachers C some of them may ignore their noncompliance D pretend not to see | A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their children’s noncompliance. |
Note: For this question, we need to find the parts that talk about “parents” and “compliance and noncompliance”. overlook - ignore Hence, the answer is C Answer: C | |
According to Henry Porter, noncompliance for children
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q29: According to Henry Porter, noncompliance for children A are entirely harmful B may have positive effects C needs medicine assistance D should be treated by an expert doctor | Said Henry Porter, a scholar working in Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance means growth in some way, may have benefit for children. |
Note: For this question, it is quite easy to find the name “Henry Porter” in paragraph C. If we read further, we will see that he said noncompliance may have benefit for children. benefit - positive effects So, the answer is B Answer: B | |
When children are growing up, they
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q30: When children are growing up, they A always try to directly say no B are more skillful to negotiate C learn to cheat instead of noncompliance D tend to keep silent | When they are growing up. During the period that children are getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly. |
Note: For this question, once you locate the parts that talk about when children are growing up, it is easy to find that they are “more skillful to negotiate” Answer: B | |
Which is the possible reaction the passage mentioned for elder children and younger ones if they don’t want to comply with the order
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q31: Which is the possible reaction the passage mentioned for elder children and younger ones if they don’t want to comply with the order A elder children prefer to refuse directly B elder ones refuse to answer C younger children may reject directly D younger ones may save any words | Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger. |
Note: As in the previous question, older children are more skillful to negotiate and give reasons so A and B are not correct. Next, we read the sentence about younger children in the same paragraph. It is said that younger children prefer to say directly. Hence, the answer is C. Answer: C | |
Questions 32-35
Look at the following people and list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
32 Henry Porter
33 Wallace Friesen
34 Steven Walson
35 Paul Edith
| List of statements | |
| A | children of all ages will indirectly show noncompliance |
| B | elder children tend to negotiate rather than show noncompliance |
| C | converse behavior means noncompliance |
| D | organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities |
| E | organizing child’s daily activities in the same order as much as possible. |
| F | use praise in order to make children compliant |
| G | take the children to school at an early age |
- 32 Answer: B
Keywords in Questions
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Q32: Henry Potter
B elder children tend to negotiate rather than show noncompliance
“Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries. When they are growing up. During the period that children are getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly.” Said Henry Porter,
Note:
Again, we can find Henry Potter in the same parts as the previous three questions.
show compliance - show opposite idea directly
Answer: B
- 33 Answer: E
Keywords in Questions
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Q33: Wallace Friesen
E organizing child’s daily activities in the same order as much as possible.
His collaborator Wallace Friesen believed that Organizing a child’s daily activities so that they occur in the same order each day as much as possible.
Note:
Locate the name “Wallace Friesen” and the rest are the same as in the question.
Answer: E
- 34 Answer: D
Keywords in Questions
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Q34: Steven Walson
D organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities
Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities.
Note:
Locate the name “Steven Walson” and the rest are the same as in the question.
Answer: D
- 35 Answer: F
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q35: Paul Edith
F use praise in order to make children compliant
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children comply with.
Note:
Locate the name Paul Edith and you can easily find his idea about using praise to make children comply with
comply with - compliant
Answer: F
Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage?
In boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet, write
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
36 Socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the beginning of it.
37 Many parents were difficult to be aware of compliance or noncompliance.
38 Noncompliant Children are simple to deal with the relationship with the people at the same age when they are growing up.
39 Experts never tried drilling compliance into children.
40 Psychologist Paul Edith negated the importance that knowing how to praise children in an encouraging way.
- 36 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q36: Socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the beginning of it.
Many Scientists believe that socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the outset of it.
Note:
“Many Scientists believe” so this is the opinion of “many scientists”. It is not a claim of the writer.
Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 37 Answer: YES
- 38 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q38: Noncompliant Children are simple to deal with the relationship with the people at the same age when they are growing up.
Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries when they are growing up
Note:
The keywords we should look for are “noncompliant children” and “when they are growing up”
contemporaries - people at the same age
easy - simple
Answer: YES
- 39 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
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Q39: Experts never tried drilling compliance into children.
Many Experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they tried drilling compliance into children.
Note:
In the sentence we found in the passage, experts tried drilling compliance into children but the statement in the question says they never did that. Hence, the answer is NO.
Answer: NO
- 40 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q40: Psychologist Paul Edith negated the importance that knowing how to praise children in an encouraging way.
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children comply with.
Note:
negate: show something to be wrong
insist: say firmly about something
The verbs in the statement in the question and the sentence in the passage have opposite meanings. So, according to the writer, Paul Edith actually supported the importance of praise instead of showing it to be wrong. Hence, the answer is NO.
Answer: NO
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1 -13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Plant Scents
A
Everyone is familiar with scented flowers, and many people have heard that floral odors help the plant attract pollinators. This common notion is mostly correct, but it is surprising how little scientific proof of it exists. Of course, not all flowers are pollinated by biological agents – for example, many grasses are wind-pollinated – but the flowers of the grasses may still emit volatiles. In fact, plants emit organic molecules all the time, although they may not be obvious to the human nose. As for flower scents that we can detect with our noses, bouquets that attract moths and butterflies generally smell “sweet,” and those that attract certain flies seem “rotten” to us.
B
The release of volatiles from vegetative parts of the plant is familiar, although until recently the physiological functions of these chemicals were less clear and had received much less attention from scientists. When the trunk of a pine tree is injured – for example, when a beetle tries to burrow into it – it exudes a very smelly resin. This resin consists mostly of terpenes – hydrocarbons with a backbone of 10, 15 or 20 carbons that may also contain atoms of oxygen. The heavier C20 terpenes, called diterpenes, are glue-like and can cover and immobilize insects as they plug the hole. This defense mechanism is as ancient as it is effective: Many samples of fossilized resin, or amber, contain the remains of insects trapped inside. Many other plants emit volatiles when injured, and in some cases the emitted signal helps defend the plant. For example, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, which is known as a “green leaf volatile” because it is emitted by many plants upon injury, deters females of the moth Heliothis virescens from laying eggs on injured tobacco plants. Interestingly, the profile of emitted tobacco volatiles is different at night than during the day, and it is the nocturnal blend, rich in several (Z)-3-hexen-1-olesters, that is most effective in repelling the night-active H. virescens moths.
C
Herbivore induced volatiles often serve as indirect defenses. These bulwarks exist in a variety of plant species, including corn, beans, and the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants not only emit volatiles acutely, at the site where caterpillars, mites, aphids or similar insects are eating them but also generally from non-damaged parts of the plant. These signals attract a variety of predatory insects that prey on the plant-eaters. For example, some parasitic wasps can detect the volatile signature of a damaged plant and will lay their eggs inside the offending caterpillar; eventually, the wasp eggs hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside hatch, and the emerging larvae feed on the caterpillar from the inside out. The growth of infected caterpillars is retarded considerably, to the benefit of the plant. Similarly, volatiles released by plants in response to herbivore egg laying can attract parasites of the eggs, thereby preventing them from hatching and avoiding the onslaught of hungry herbivores that would have emerged. Plant volatiles can also be used as a kind of currency in some very indirect defensive schemes. In the rainforest understory tree Leonardoxa Africana, ants of the species Petalomyrmex phylax patrol young leaves and attack any herbivorous insects that they encounter. The young leaves emit high levels of the volatile compound methyl salicylate, a compound that the ants use either as a pheromone or as an antiseptic in their nests. It appears that methyl salicylate is both an attractant and a reward offered by the tree to get the ants to perform this valuable deterrent role.
D
Floral scent has a strong impact on the economic success of many agricultural crops that rely on insect pollinators, including fruit trees such as the bee-pollinated cherry, apple, apricot and peach, as well as vegetables and tropical plants such as papaya. Pollination not only affects crop yield, but also the quality and efficiency of crop production. Many crops require most, if not all, ovules to be fertilized for optimum fruit size and shape. A decrease in fragrance emission reduces the ability of flowers to attract pollinators and results in considerable losses for growers, particularly for introduced species that had a specialized pollinator in their place of origin. This problem has been exacerbated by recent disease epidemics that have killed many honeybees, the major insect pollinators in the United States.
E
One means by which plant breeders circumvent the pollination problem is by breeding self-compatible, or apomictic, varieties that do not require fertilization. Although this solution is adequate, its drawbacks include near genetic uniformity and consequent susceptibility to pathogens. Some growers have attempted to enhance honeybee foraging by spraying scent compounds on orchard trees, but this approach was costly, had to be repeated, had potentially toxic effects on the soil or local biota, and, in the end, proved to be inefficient. The poor effectiveness of this strategy probably reflects inherent limitations of the artificial, topically applied compounds, which clearly fail to convey the appropriate message to the bees. For example, general spraying of the volatile mixture cannot tell the insects where exactly the blossoms are. Clearly, a more refined strategy is needed. The ability to enhance existing floral scent, which could all be accomplished by genetic engineering, would allow us to manipulate the types of insect pollinators and the frequency of their visits. Moreover, the metabolic engineering of fragrance could increase crop protection against pathogens and pests.
F
Genetic manipulation of the scent will also benefit the floriculture industry. Ornamentals, including cut flowers, foliage and potted plants, play an important aesthetic role in human life. Unfortunately, traditional breeding has often produced cultivars with improved vase life, shipping characteristics, color and shape while sacrificing desirable perfumes. The loss of scent among ornamentals, which have a worldwide value of more than $30 billion, makes them important targets for the genetic manipulation of flower fragrance. Some work has already begun in this area, as several groups have created petunia and carnation plants that express the linalool synthase gene from C. Breweri. These experiments are still preliminary: For technical reasons, the gene was expressed everywhere in the plant, and although the transgenic plants did create small amounts of linalool, the level was below the threshold of detection for the human nose. Similar experiments in tobacco used genes for other monoterpene synthases, such as the one that produces limonene, but gave similar results.
G
The next generation of experiments, already in progress, includes sophisticated schemes that target the expression of scent genes specifically to flowers or other organs – such as special glands that can store antimicrobial or herbivore-repellent compounds.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14 – 26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
We have Star performers!
A
The difference between companies is people. With capital and technology in plentiful supply, the critical resource for companies in the knowledge era will be human talent. Companies full of achievers will, by definition, outperform organisations of plodders. Ergo, compete ferociously for the best people. Poach and pamper stars; ruthlessly weed out second-raters. This, in essence, has been the recruitment strategy of the ambitious company of the past decade. The ‘talent mindset’ was given definitive form in two reports by the consultancy McKinsey famously entitled The War for Talent. Although the intensity of the warfare subsequently subsided along with the air in the internet bubble, it has been warming up again as the economy tightens: labour shortages, for example, are the reason the government has laid out the welcome mat for immigrants from the new Europe.
B
Yet while the diagnosis – people are important – is evident to the point of platitude, the apparently logical prescription – hire the best – like so much in management is not only not obvious: it is in fact profoundly wrong. The first suspicions dawned with the crash to earth of the dotcom meteors, which showed that dumb is dumb whatever the IQ of those who perpetrate it. The point was illuminated in brilliant relief by Enron, whose leaders, as a New Yorker article called ‘The Talent Myth’ entertainingly related, were so convinced of their own cleverness that they never twigged that collective intelligence is not the sum of a lot of individual intelligence. In fact, in a profound sense, the two are opposites. Enron believed in stars, noted author Malcolm Gladwell, because they didn’t believe in systems. But companies don’t just create: ‘they execute and compete and coordinate the efforts of many people, and the organisations that are most successful at that task are the ones where the system is the star’. The truth is that you can’t win the talent wars by hiring stars – only lose it. New light on why this should be so is thrown by an analysis of star behaviour in this months’ Harvard Business Review. In a study of the careers of 1,000 star-stock analysts in the 1990s, the researchers found that when a company recruited a star performer, three things happened.
C
First, stardom doesn’t easily transfer from one organisation to another. In many cases, performance dropped sharply when high performers switched employers and in some instances never recovered. More of success than commonly supposed is due to the working environment – systems, processes, leadership, accumulated embedded learning that are absent in and can’t be transported to the new firm. Moreover, precisely because of their past stellar performance, stars were unwilling to learn new tricks and antagonised those (on whom they now unwittingly depended) who could teach them. So they moved, upping their salary as they did – 36 per cent moved on within three years, fast even for Wall Street. Second, group performance suffered as a result of tensions and resentment by rivals within the team. One respondent likened hiring a star to an organ transplant. The new organ can damage others by hogging the blood supply, other organs can start aching or threaten to stop working or the body can reject the transplants altogether, he said. ‘You should think about it very carefully before you do a transplant to a healthy body.’ Third, investors punished the offender by selling its stock. This is ironic since the motive for importing stars was often a suffering share price in the first place. Shareholders evidently believe that the company is overpaying, the hiree is cashing in on a glorious past rather than preparing for a glowing present, and a spending spree is in the offing.
D
The result of mass star hirings as well as individual ones seems to confirm such doubts. Look at County NatWest and Barclays de Zoete Wedd, both of which hired teams of stars with loud fanfare to do great things in investment banking in the 1990s. Both failed dismally. Everyone accepts the cliche that people make the organisation – but much more does the organisation make the people. When researchers studied the performance of fund managers in the 1990s, they discovered that just 30 per cent of the variation in fund performance was due to the individual, compared to 70 per cent to the company-specific setting.
E
That will be no surprise to those familiar with systems thinking. W Edwards Deming used to say that there was no point in beating up on people when 90 per cent of performance variation was down to the system within which they worked. Consistent improvement, he said, is a matter not of raising the level of individual intelligence, but of the learning of the organisation as a whole. The star system is glamorous – for the few. But it rarely benefits the company that thinks it is working it. And the knock-on consequences indirectly affect everyone else too. As one internet response to Gladwell’s New Yorker article put it: after Enron, ‘the rest of corporate America is stuck with overpaid, arrogant, underachieving, and relatively useless talent.’
F
Football is another illustration of the star vs systems strategic choice. As with investment banks and stockbrokers, it seems obvious that success should ultimately be down to money. Great players are scarce and expensive. So the club that can afford more of them than anyone else will win. But the performance of Arsenal and Manchester United on one hand and Chelsea and Real Madrid on the other proves that it’s not as easy as that. While Chelsea and Real have the funds to be compulsive star collectors – as with Juan Sebastian Veron – they are less successful than Arsenal and United which, like Liverpool before them, have put much more emphasis on developing a setting within which stars-in-the-making can flourish. Significantly, Thierry Henry, Patrick Veira and Robert Pires are much bigger stars than when Arsenal bought them, their value (in all senses) enhanced by the Arsenal system. At Chelsea, by contrast, the only context is the stars themselves – managers with different outlooks come and go every couple of seasons. There is no settled system for the stars to blend into. The Chelsea context has not only not added value, but it has also subtracted it. The side is less than the sum of its exorbitantly expensive parts. Even Real Madrid’s galacticos, the most extravagantly gifted on the planet, are being outperformed by less talented but better-integrated Spanish sides. In football, too, stars are trumped by systems.
G
So if not by hiring stars, how do you compete in the war for talent? You grow your own. This worked for investment analysts, where some companies were not only better at creating stars but also at retaining them. Because they had a much more sophisticated view of the interdependent relationship between star and system, they kept them longer without resorting to the exorbitant salaries that were so destructive to rivals.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27 – 40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Compliance Or Noncompliance For Children
A
Many Scientists believe that socialization takes a long process, while compliance is the outset of it. Accordingly, compliance for the education of children is the priority. Motivationally distinct forms of child compliance, mutually positive affect, and maternal control, observed in 3 control contexts in 103 dyads of mothers and their 26-41-month-old children, were examined as correlates of internalization, assessed using observations of children while alone with prohibited temptations and maternal ratings. One form of compliance (committed compliance), when the child appeared committed wholeheartedly to the maternal agenda and eager to endorse and accept it, was emphasized. Mother-child mutually positive affect was both a predictor and a concomitant of committed compliance. Children who shared positive effect with their mothers showed a high level of committed compliance and were also more internalized. Differences and similarities between children’s compliance with requests and prohibitions (“Do” vs. “Don’t” demand contexts) were also explored. Maternal “Dos” appeared more challenging to toddlers than the “Don’ts.” Some individual coherence of behavior was also found across both demand contexts. The implication of committed compliance for emerging internalized regulators of conduct is discussed.
B
A number of parents were not easy to be aware of the compliance, some even overlooked their children’s noncompliance. Despite good education, these children did not follow the words from their parents on several occasion, especially boys in certain ages. Fortunately, this rate was acceptable, some parents could be patient with the noncompliance. Someone held that noncompliance is probably not a wrong thing. In order to determine the effects of different parental disciplinary techniques on young children’s compliance and noncompliance, mothers were trained to observe emotional incidents involving their own toddler-aged children. Reports of disciplinary encounters were analyzed in terms of the types of discipline used (reasoning, verbal prohibition, physical coercion, love withdrawal, and combinations thereof) and children’s responses to that discipline (compliance/ noncompliance and avoidance). The relation between compliance/ noncompliance and type of misdeed (harm to persons, harm to property, and lapses of self-control) was also analyzed. Results indicated that love withdrawal combined with other techniques was most effective in securing children’s compliance and that its effectiveness was not a function of the type of technique with which it was combined. Avoidant responses and affective reunification with the parent were more likely to follow love withdrawal than any other technique. Physical coercion was somewhat less effective than love withdrawal, while reasoning and verbal prohibition were not at all effective except when both were combined with physical coercion.
C
“Noncompliant Children sometimes prefer to say to directly as they were younger, they are easy to deal with the relationship with contemporaries. When they are growing up. During the period that children are getting elder, who may learn to use more advanced approaches for their noncompliance. They are more skillful to negotiate or give reasons for refusal rather than show their opposite idea to parents directly.” Said Henry Porter, a scholar working in Psychology Institute of UK. He indicated that noncompliance means growth in some way, may have benefit for children. Many Experts held different viewpoints in recent years, they tried drilling compliance into children. His collaborator Wallace Friesen believed that Organizing a child’s daily activities so that they occur in the same order each day as much as possible. This first strategy for defiant children is ultimately the most important. Developing a routine helps a child to know what to expect and increases the chances that he or she will comply with things such as chores, homework, and hygiene requests. When undesirable activities occur in the same order at optimal times during the day, they become habits that are not questioned but done without thought.
Chances are that you have developed some type of routine for yourself in terms of showering, cleaning your house, or doing other types of work. You have an idea in your mind when you will do these things on a regular basis and this helps you to know what to expect. In fact, you have probably already been using most of these compliance strategies for yourself without realizing it. For children, without setting these expectations on a daily basis by making them part of a regular routine, they can become very upset. Just like adults, children think about what they plan to do that day and expect to be able to do what they want. So, when you come along and ask them to do something they weren’t already planning to do that day, this can result in automatic refusals and other undesirable defiant behaviors. However, by using this compliance strategy with defiant children, these activities are done almost every day in the same general order and the child expects to already do them.
D
Doctor Steven Walson addressed that organizing fun activities to occur after frequently refused activities. This strategy also works as a positive reinforcer when the child complies with your requests. By arranging your day so that things often refused to occur right before highly preferred activities, you are able to eliminate defiant behavior and motivate your child’s behavior of doing the undesirable activity. This is not to be presented in a way that the preferred activity is only allowed if a defiant child does the non-preferred activity. However, you can word your request in a way so that your child assumes that you have to do the non-preferred activity before moving on to the next preferred activity. For example, you do not want to say something such as, “If you clean your room we can play a game.” Instead of the word your request like this, “As soon as you are done cleaning your room we will be able to play that really fun game you wanted to play.”
E
Psychologist Paul Edith insisted praise is the best way to make children comply with. This is probably a common term you are used to hearing by now. If you praise your child’s behavior, he or she will be more likely to do that behavior. So, it is essential to use praise when working with defiant children. It also provides your child with positive attention. However, it is important to know how to praise children in a way that encourages future automatic reinforcement for your child when doing a similar behavior.
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The give chart provides Information about the amount of waste produced by company A, company B and company C from 2000 to 2015.
It can be clearly seen that the amount of waste in company C increased while the amount of waste in company A decreased throughout the period.
Looking at the grap in more details, the amount of waste in company A declined moderately to about 9 between 2000 and 2010. There was a slight drop in this at about 8 in 2015. The amount of waste in company B went up sharply from around 8.5 to 10 over the following five years. The company B experienced significant decrease to 3 in 2020.
According the line graph, there was a steep growth in the amount of waste in company C at approximately 6 over a period of 5 years. In the year 2010, company C witnessed minimal rise at nearly 7. This grew markedly to almost 10 between 2010 to 2015.
The three pie charts below show the change in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991 and 2001.
The graphs illustrates the change for a United Kingdom school in the three years in 1981, 1982, and 1983.
Overall, we can clearly observe that over the period expenditure most in staff salaries. However, furniture as well as equipment increased rapidly and drops expenditure on things such as books and workers salaries.
In the three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries,but while other workers salaries say a fall from 28% in 1981 to only 15% in 2001 . In the three years teachers pay demand the biggest cost reaching 50% total spending in 1991 and ending 45% in 2001.
Expenditure on resources like furniture as well as equipment to 15% by 1981 which increased dramatically to 23 percentage in ending years. Nevertheless, books was 20 proportion in 1991, which significant fall in 2001 from 9 %. The total spending of insurance rose minimally over the period.
More and more people start to succumb for drugs. What the causes of this phenomenon? Gave your solutions for this factor.
On the last time in various countries consuming the drugs becoming increasingly common among youth and adults. In this essay I will try to release the causes of this factor and present some remedies. First of all, it should be noted that approximately whole problems are cause by older generation. They convey misbehavior in form of that they experience necessary feelings to consume smoking either drinking that gradually switch to addiction and based on this younger generation see the pattern after which they succumb to try all of these mentioned above stuffs. Second reason may liie on the TV series, particularly in series such friends or euphoria where drugs mentioned not in less measure. Eventually, the plight retain also in the surrounding of humankind that force to them try such things like drugs to be able fight setbacks in their life individuals believe in refusing from them from this way. I consider the way out of these problems especially lies on the family side. They should have sense of responsibility when they show negative impacts for their children, take care about child mental statement to avoid of such events in the future life. second not less paramount solution is preventing the various illustrations about drugs in the movies that deteriorate right minds of individuals. Certainly people can not influence to fix others, however to beginning with they should to rise to the right way themselves after that no one can be the initiator for your businesses. Consequently, I infer humankind have a capacity to changing and transformation of their own life solely by rejection of the destroying things.
New technologies have changed the way children spend their free time . Do you think the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
In recent years, new technologies like smartphones, tablets and gaming consoles have become ubiquitous , even among children. As a result , the way children spend their leisure time has been drastically altered .While this change has brought about both benefits and drawbacks , I believe that the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages.
On the one hand, it is true that technology has its own downsides when it comes to kids. For instance, excessive screen time has been linked to poor sleep quality, impaired cognitive development , and increased risk of obesity. Children who spend too much time in front of screen may also find it too difficult to engage in other important activities such as sports, socializing with peers , and reading. Moreover, the internet can expose young people to inappropriate content, cyberbullying, and online predators.
On the other hand, there are several advantages to children spending their free time on technology. First and foremost, the use of technology devices can help develop crucial skills such as problem solving, critical thinking, and digital literacy . Many educational apps , games , and videos are available , which can enhance learning and encourage creativity. Additionally, technology provides an opportunity for social connection through online gaming communities, video chatting , and social media platforms. In today's world , where virtual communication has become increasingly important , technology enables children to stay in touch with friends and family who live far away.
In conclusion, while technology has some negative impacts on children's leisure time, its benefits outweigh its drawbacks. As long as parents monitor their children's screen time and ensure they engage in variety of activities , technology can be valuable tool for learning and socializing . Therefore , it is essential for parents and educators to embrace new technologies and encourage their responsible use among children.
Nowadays,more and more technical advertisements are spread around every place all over the world. Due to these developed technologies, most of the companies can advertise their products easier than before. I definitely agree to this point that advertising plays as a crucial role in our social lives.
If we were back to 19th century, not many advertisements were not known much and not as popular as in current time. Take us for example,
the advertisements in that time was very simple such as using only the cartoons charactors,
just encoding the main points for the products and using long theme songs for one advertisements. In the contrary, these ways could not be affected obviously to attract the people's mind to purchase their products. Why it could not be succeeded is that there were few houses owned the televisions for watching such kinds of advertisements.
Compared with such that time, today's system of advertisements are huge different dramatically. For example, the ways of advertisements are not conventional since many websites and social networks are influenced among the people's daliy life.The first point is everything can be chose and purchased smoothly with one touch on screen. Thousands of companies strive to get the high selling targets as much as they can by inserting their ads in social medias, creation their own pages and attracting with more or less amount of giveaways for subscribing their pages. Furthermore, advertising with the top celebrities is one of the ways to penetrate the marketing network. Seventy percents of people obsess about famous top stars so that the advertisements with them are able to influence the people's mind to buy the products which they advertise.The main point is that we can save our precious time by ordering the things we need from home without wasting time and energy. How splendid it is!
Taking all into account, it is more convinced to be one of the top sellers due to these developed technologies such as social networks. May be it was hard to sell even one thing to the customer.
Nevertheless, there is nothing to worry about the new products to be in the hands of the cosumers.
Through many ages, all of the situations and circumstances are transmitted from time to time.
Today many individuals think that children's parents should put restriction on their watching TV and playing video games routine and they should spend more time for read books. I totally agree with this statement because TV and video games are not very useful for children and books on the other hand are highly important for their study.
To begin with playing video games and watching TV are not useful for children because they put bad affect on eyesight as they spend more time on TV and video games. When they watch TV and playing video games, then they do not take food properly and they do not do study properly.For example, in India most three children come from their school they start watching TV and play video games due to this they lost their interest in study.As a result in coma, they cannot complete their study in good grade and they can decrease their eyesight and cannot do work properly in the future.
However, these days books are provide more knowledge to children or any person. Books are very beneficial for children because books are decrease stress and gain knowledge of children. Many type of books such as:. Poetry books, comic books, knowledgeable books, and scientific books are available in the market or libraries . For example, in the foreign country, some children gave preference to read books,they are get knowledge and start their big business in teenage and early settled in their life. Resultantly coma, reading books are very knowledgeable rather than watching TV and playing video games because books provide a discipline and knowledge to children.
In conclusion, children should read books rather than watching TV and playing video games because reading books, give more knowledge to children and watching TV and playing video games are not useful, these waste their precious time. So they can't achieve their goal in their life. If children spend more time on watching TV and playing video games, parents should prevent from this bad habit.
nowadays, children spend their most of time for playing games and no enough time for physical activitiesCurrently, most of the children’s spending thier time in video play on mobile devices and also playing game on computers, because new generation, nowadays they interest in mobile games and aslo playing movies on tv its is not essential for students, so i disagree with that. on the other hand. students who spend their time on physical activities like they playing games on outside and they are mentally and physically fit because, physically activity is more better then spending time on mobile devices.
so,i disagree with that. In my opinion,children spend thier time in physical activities,moreover when they most of time in physical activities they are fully fit and thier health is aslo good.
As we know that, technology has increasing day by day and it has made our life too much easier and comfortable. However, many researchers says that in future all transportation vehicles will be automatic drive and when travelling inside these only passengers without driver. According to me, I think it has some cons and some pros so that before commitment on my opinion I will explain my thought in this essay.
First of all, driverless travelling is a good idea because people can easily reach on their destination without driving and they don’t have trouble in future. Moreover, nowadays many people used to cars, truck and public transportation like bus, so that traffic has also increased and people stuck in traffic jam. In this situation people have to face many difficulties while driving these vehicles but when it will become a driverless people will seat inside car and enjoy with friends and family and they also will not feel bored.
On the other side, it has many drawbacks for human beings such as, many people not interested in this offer because they are not take any risk while travelling in car, truck or buses without driver. Automatic transportation will become riskier for us especially for youngsters. They like to drive faster and with automatic they will want to travelling like a flying. In addition, In my country, many individuals earn money on the basis driving. Therefore, if it become driverless they lost their earring platform.
In conclusion, I believe that it’s disadvantage of driverless vehicles outweigh the advantages because it’s become a riskier and people have to chances to lost their job as a driver.
In this contemporary epoch, it is vehemently true that the extreme amount of traffic have been created difficulties in not only few cities but in globe. The impending paragraphs intends to give a brief explanation of notions along with my personal whim.
Commencing with the paragraph, it reckons that due to extreme traffic jam the utter hustle and bustle have been created on paths. Ironically, it causes a lot of pollution in all over world. Firstly, a huge proportion of chronic disease have became a part of this reason. For instance, health organization inculcate that 85% of fetal disease are occuring due to the pollution cause by traffic. Moreover, accidents is the second major hardship for citizens. There are countless individuals who have lost there kith and kins in road accidents. However, most of the cases happens only because of the huge disturbance or traffic on the main roads and highways.
To conclude, it is a vital problem for all over world . So, individuals should be cooperative and should also give their support in controlling it. In addition to it, if more quicker Government will take these initiative steps than more rapidly the problems and hardships faced by traffic jam will fade.
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