正确答案:
Part 1: Question 1 - 10
- 1 Mary Tindale
- 2 4 Larch
- 3 FN1 SW19
- 4 black leather handles
- 5 zip
- 6 purse
- 7 driving licence
- 8 07900 381988
- 9 TK 34S 5899
- 10 within the week
Part 2: Question 11 - 20
- 11 18th
- 12 a circular fashion
- 13 a giant pie
- 14 behave better
- 15 cost and manpower
- 16 B
- 17 E
- 18 C
- 19 F
- 20 A
Part 3: Question 21 - 30
- 21 C
- 22 A
- 23 D
- 24 A
- 25 C
- 26 B
- 27 A
- 28 A
- 29 C
- 30 C
Part 4: Question 31 - 40
- 31 witness stand
- 32 court reporter
- 33 bailiff
- 34 court clerk
- 35 jury box
- 36 spectators
- 37 determined by
- 38 clarification
- 39 an impartial
- 40 route
Review your test now?
排行榜:
| # | 用户 | 得分 | 时间 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hoang Thuy Vy Nguyen |  | 9.0 | 15:07 | |
| heba qurabi |  | 9.0 | 15:21 | |
| Muhammad Haseeb Athar |  | 9.0 | 15:34 | |
| 4 | Zainab Arshad | | 9.0 | 15:37 |
| 5 | duc tri le |  | 9.0 | 15:42 |
| 6 | Hồng Anh Vũ | | 9.0 | 16:10 |
| 7 | Lam Nguyen | | 9.0 | 16:12 |
| 8 | Meghana N |  | 9.0 | 16:29 |
| 9 | Dauren Zhantleu |  | 9.0 | 16:42 |
| 10 | idolored |  | 9.0 | 16:43 |
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详细试卷答案解析:
Questions 1-10
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Victim's details | Crime: Example:.....theft Name of victim: Mrs. 1 Address: 2 Avenue Park Road, Swindon Postcode: 3 |
Article stolen: bag | Any distinguishing features: Two 4 and a black shoulder strap A 5 fastener on the top |
Contents | A 6 with some money as well as a 7 |
Other details | Victim's contact number: 8 Crime number: 9 Victim to be contacted 10 |
- 1 Answer: Mary Tindale
Keywords in Questions
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Q1
Name of victim: Mrs. ________
P.C. Browning: Could you give me your first name and surname please?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes, it's Mary Tindale.
P.C. Browning: Could you spell your surname, please?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes. It's T-I-that's T, not 'Y',-N-D-A-L-E.
P.C. Browning: Sorry I didn't quite catch that... was that an 'N' or an 'M' you said?
Mrs. Tindale: I know - the line's not good. I said 'N' not 'M'.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q1 is name and Mrs.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be the name of the woman talking in the conversation.
The keyword named is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is Mary Tindale. Do not be misled by the option Yndale or Timdale as they’re wrong ones.
All things considered, the answer of Q1 is Mary Tindale.
- 2 Answer: 4 Larch
Keywords in Questions
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Q2
Address: ________Avenue Park Road, Swindon
P.C. Browning: OK. And your home address and postcode?
Mrs. Tindale: 4, Larch Avenue, Park Road, Swindon.
P.C. Browning: Sorry, you said 4, Larch Avenue? As in 'L-A-R-C-H'?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q2 is address.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a number relating to the woman’s address.
The keyword address is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is 4 Larch.
For that reason, the answer of Q2 is 4 Larch.
- 3 Answer: FN1 SW19
Keywords in Questions
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Q3
Postcode: ________
P.C. Browning: OK. And your home address and postcode?
Mrs. Tindale: 4, Larch Avenue, Park Road, Swindon.
P.C. Browning: Sorry, you said 4, Larch Avenue? As in 'L-A-R-C-H'?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes. And the postcode is FN1 SW19.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q3 is postcode.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a chain of numbers and words.
The keyword postcode is mentioned 2 times in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is FN1 SW19.
For that reason, the answer of Q3 is FN1 SW19.
- 4 Answer: black leather handles
Keywords in Questions
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Q4
Any distinguishing features:
Two ________ and a black shoulder strap
Mrs. Tindale: Yes, my handbag was stolen this morning.
P.C. Browning: Can you describe your handbag?
Mrs. Tindale: Well, it's quite an ordinary white leather bag with two black leather handles. Oh, and a black shoulder strap, too.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q4 are two and black shoulder strap.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun in plural form as it follows “two”.
The keyword two is mentioned in the conversation when the woman describing her lost handbag, followed by the answer, which is black leather handles.
For that reason, the answer of Q4 is black leather handles.
- 5 Answer: zip
Keywords in Questions
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Q5
A ________ fastener on the top
Mrs. Tindale: It's quite plain. There Isn't any picture or design on the front. There's also a zip fastener on the top.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q5 is fastener and top.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be an adjective or a noun.
The keywords are mentioned in the conversation. According to the conversation, there was also a zip fastener on the top.
For that reason, the answer of Q5 is zip.
- 6 Answer: purse
Keywords in Questions
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Q6
Contents
A ________ with some money as well as a
P.C. Browning: How about the contents? Did you have any valuables in it?
Mrs. Tindale: Luckily no, I left my iPad at home along with my mobile. I'm quite forgetful, sometimes! I had a purse in It though with a small amount of money as well as my driving license
Note
The keywords concerned in Q6 is with some money.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun in its singular form. It can be a wallet because it is related to the lost handbag and it had money inside.
According to the conversation, the woman had a purse in the handbag with a small amount of money. Do not be misled by the option iPad and mobile as she left them at home.
For that reason, the answer of Q6 is purse.
- 7 Answer: driving licence
Keywords in Questions
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Q7
Contents
________
P.C. Browning: How about the contents? Did you have any valuables in it?
Mrs. Tindale: Luckily no, I left my iPad at home along with my mobile. I'm quite forgetful, sometimes! I had a purse in It though with a small amount of money as well as my driving license. My keys and personal Items and so on, I always keep about me in my coat pocket.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q7 is contents.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun, something inside the lost handbag.
According to the conversation, the woman had a purse with some money and a driving license in the lost handbag.
For that reason, the answer of Q7 is driving license/licence.
- 8 Answer: 07900 381988
Keywords in Questions
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Q8
Victim's contact number: ________
P.C. Browning: OK. That's fine. All I need to have is your phone number or other contact number.
Mrs. Tindale: My mobile number Is 0-7-9-0-0-3-8-1-9-8-8.
P.C. Browning: Sorry, was that double 8 at the end?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes, that's right.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q8 is contact number.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be the contact number of the woman.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is 07900381988 with double 8 at the end.
For that reason, the answer of Q8 is 07900381988.
- 9 Answer: TK 34S 5899
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Q9
Crime number: ________
P.C. Browning: Thank you. That's all I need for now. You need a crime number.
Mrs. Tindale: OK, I'll just get a pen...
P.C. Browning: Ready?
Mrs. Tindale: Go ahead.
P.C. Browning: So, it's TK 34S 5899.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q9 is crime number.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a chain of number.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is TK 34S 5899.
For that reason, the answer of Q9 is TK 34S 5899.
- 10 Answer: within the week
Keywords in Questions
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Q10
Victim to be contacted ________
P.C. Browning: So, it's TK 34S 5899. We'll contact you within the week to give you an update.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q10 are victim and contacted.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be about how to contact the victim or when to contact the victim.
The keyword contact is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is within the week.
For that reason, the answer of Q10 is within the week.
Questions 11-15
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Designed: | in the 11 |
Overall layout: | Cells arranged in 12 around central guard tower |
Individual cell design: | Cells looked like 13 cut into pieces. |
Effect: | Prisoners would 14 |
Purpose: | to reduce 15 |
- 11 Answer: 18th
Keywords in Questions
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Q11
Designed:
In the ________
In fact, it was in the 18th century that the design for the first really effective prison was thought of.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q11 are designed and in the…
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be relating to time of design.
The keyword design is mentioned in the speech. According to the speech, the design of effective prison was thought of in 18th century.
For that reason, the answer of Q11 is 18th century.
- 12 Answer: a circular fashion
Keywords in Questions
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Q12
Overall layout: Cells arranged in ________ around central guard tower
Bentham's design had the form of a central guard tower around which the prison cells were grouped in a circular fashion, facing inwards towards the tower.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q12 are cells and central guard tower.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun, something relating to the way cells arranged.
The keywords are mentioned in the speech, followed by the answer, which is a circular fashion. According to the speech, cells arranged in a circular fashion around the central guard tower.
For that reason, the answer of Q12 is a circular fashion.
- 13 Answer: a giant pie
Keywords in Questions
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Q13
Individual cell design: Cells looked like ________ cut into pieces.
Seen from a bird's-eye view, the design resembled a giant pie cut into segments, each triangular segment being an individual prison cell, with the watch tower at the centre.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q13 are individual and cut into pieces.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun, which cells cut into pieces looked like.
According to the passage, cells looked like a giant pie cut into segments (pieces).
For that reason, the answer of Q13 is a giant pie.
- 14 Answer: behave better
Keywords in Questions
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Q14
Effect: Prisoners would ________
What made this design so clever was the fact that only one guard was needed to watch all the prisoners. As a result, fewer guards were needed, reducing cost and manpower. It also had the effect of making prisoners behave better.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q14 are effect and prisoners.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a verb.
The keyword effect is mentioned in the speech, followed by the answer, which is behave better.
For that reason, the answer of Q14 is behave better.
- 15 Answer: cost and manpower
Keywords in Questions
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Q15
Purpose: to reduce ________
What made this design so clever was the fact that only one guard was needed to watch all the prisoners. As a result, fewer guards were needed, reducing cost and manpower. It also had the effect of making prisoners behave better.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q15 are purpose and reduce.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun, something reduced thanks to the design of prison.
The keyword reduce is mentioned in the speech, followed by the answer, which is cost and manpower.
For that reason, the answer of Q15 is cost and manpower.
Questions 16-20
Label the identification sheet below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 16-20.
16 Bentham’s Panopticon
17 Pottawattamie County jail
18 Crawfordsville jail, Indiana
19 Gallatin Missouri jail
20 Halden prison, Norway
- 16 Answer: B
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Q16
Bentham’s Panopticon
Although Bentham's idea was never put into practice in his lifetime, in later years a very similar design was patented by William H, Brown and Benjamin Haugh in 1881. One of these, the 'Squirrel Cage' in Pottawattamie County only closed in 1969. It was one of 3 prisons designed by Brown and Haugh. Each had the unusual feature of revolving prison cells that moved around a central tower, like a wheel revolving on its axis. Bearing an obvious similarity to Bentham's Panopticon, the cells within the wheel-like structure were all also triangular in shape.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q16 is Bentham.
In the paragraph about Bentham’s Panopticon, it’s said that the unusual feature was revolving prison cells moving around a central tower like a wheel structure. This information is matched with option B.
For that reason, the answer of Q16 is B.
- 17 Answer: E
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Q17
Pottawattamie County jail
The Pottawattamie County jail was constructed on 3 floors, the Pottawattamie County jail also had some extra buildings outside the perimeter of the prison cells. These buildings included the kitchen, jailer's accommodation as well as cells for female prisoners and more trusted inmates.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q17 is Pottawattamie.
According to the speech, the Pottawattamie County jail had 3 floors and a building with kitchen, jailer’s accommodation and cells for females, matching with information in option E.
Do not be misled by option D as the extra building is said to be outside the perimeter of the prison cells.
For that reason, the answer of Q17 is E.
- 18 Answer: C
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Q18
Crawfordsville jail, Indiana
whilst the Crawfordsville jail in Indiana was a 2-storey prison
Note
The keyword concerned in Q18 is Crawfordsville.
According to the passage, the Crawfordsville jail has 2 floors, matching with information in option C and G. However, there was no information about an extra building of this jail, meaning that option G is incorrect and option C is the correct answer.
For that reason, the answer of Q18 is C.
- 19 Answer: F
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Q19
Gallatin Missouri jail
and the Gallatin Missouri jail only a 1-storey prison.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q19 is Gallatin Missouri.
According to the passage, the Gallatin Missouri jail is a 1-storey prison, matching with information of option F.
For that reason, the answer of Q19 is F.
- 20 Answer: A
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Q20
Halden prison, Norway
In complete contrast to the preceding prison designs is the contemporary architecture of Norway's Halden prison. This, for me, exemplifies what is wrong with prisons today. More reminiscent of a holiday camp than a place of incarceration. Halden's prison buildings are surrounded by attractively landscaped areas.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q20 is Halden.
According to the passage, Halden prison buildings are surrounded by attractively landscaped areas, matching with information of option A.
For that reason, the answer of Q20 is A.
Questions 21-25
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
The Ratcliffe murders were particularly shocking
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Audio |
Q21 The Ratcliffe murders were particularly shocking A since they remained unsolved. B because they showed failings in the police force. C as the privacy of the home was violated. D since the victims' homes were also burgled. | L: Well, the Ratcliffe murders of 1811 certainly had a significant impact on English society at the time. It wasn't just the fact that innocent parties were involved or that two households were brutally murdered that provoked public outrage and hysteria. The murderer or murderers - since there may, as you know, have been an accomplice - invaded the sanctity of their victims' homes to commit truly horrendous crimes. SI: An Englishman's home is his castle, right? So I guess no one felt truly safe in the comfort of their own home after that? L: Exactly |
Note The keywords concerned in Q21 are Ratcliffe murders and shocking. From the question, we can assume that the answer should be shocking feature of the murders. According to the conversation, the Ratcliffe murders was shocking and had a significant impact on English society as there had been an accomplice – invaded the sanctity of their victims’ hoes, leading to the fact that no one felt truly safe in the comfort of their own home. This information is matched with option C. as the privacy of the home was violated. For that reason, the answer of Q21 is C. as the privacy of the home was violated. | |
Victims of burglaries are particularly
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q22 Victims of burglaries are particularly A fearful of not being safe in their own house. B traumatised by theft of personal items. C upset by the inconvenience. D annoyed with themselves at not having properly secured their homes. | L: Exactly. That's also why burglaries, too have such a profound effect on their victims. It's often not the loss of valuables or pos; sessions or even the inconvenience that upsets a victim most, but the fact that their conviction of being safe in their own home had been severely compromised. |
Note The keywords concerned in Q22 are victims and burglaries. From the question, we can assume that the answer should be information about victims of burglaries. Option B. fraumatised by theft of personal items is incorrect as it’s said that not the loss of valuables upsets victims most. Option C. upset by the inconvenience is also incorrect as inconvenience is also not what upsets victims most. Option A. fearful of not being safe in their own house is the correct answer. It is stated that their conviction of being safe in their own home had been severely compromised. Option D. annoyed with themselves at not having properly secured their homes is not mentioned in the conversation. All things considered, the answer of Q22 is A. fearful of not being safe in their own house. | |
Before the formation of the Metropolitan Police Force
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q23 Before the formation of the Metropolitan Police Force A criminal record did not exist. B most criminal records were inaccurate. C local police officers held no power. D policing was not centralised. | SI: But public hysteria broke out too, didn't it, because there was a feeling that public safety was under threat. It was felt that the localised police forces at the time were inadequate. L: Very true. The police force at the time had limited power. They could enforce the rulings of a local magistrate for the county but they had one huge disadvantage, S2: There was no communication between county police forces, was there? L: Yes. Details of crimes committed within a county were not shared. Obviously, when a criminal crossed county borders they could often successfully evade capture. it was only with the formation of London's Metropolitan Police Force in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel that criminal records could begin to be consolidated on a national basis. |
Note The keywords concerned in Q23 are before and Metropolitan Police. From the question, we can assume that the answer should be the situation before the formation of the Metropolitan Police Force. Option C. local police officers held no power is incorrect as the local police was said to held limited power. Option D. policing was not centralized is the correct answer, as details of crime (although recorded) were not shared, meaning that Option A and B is incorrect. For that reason, the answer of Q23 is D. policing was not centralized. | |
Both the Ratcliffe and Ripper murders
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Audio |
Q24 Both the Ratcliffe and Ripper murders A remain unsolved. B were probably committed by more than one person. C exposed faults in policing systems. D happened in the eighteenth century. | S2: Were the Ratcliffe murders a bit of a wake-up call, then, to the crime-fighting forces of the time? L: More than that, they acted as a catalyst in the formation of the Metropolitan Police. The public, too, played no small part in bringing about the much needed shake-up in the policing systems of the era. SI: So the Metropolitan Force was founded over half a century before the infamous Jack the Ripper murders? L: Yes, however, in spite of the Force's best efforts, the Ripper remained at large. |
Note The keywords concerned in Q24 are both, Ratcliffe and Ripper. From the question, we can assume that the answer should be something that Ratcliffe and Ripper had in common. According to the passage, the Ratcliffe and Ripper murders both remained at large, matching with information of option A. remain unsolved. Option D. happened in the eighteenth century is incorrect as there was no information about the correct point of time of Ripper murder. Option B. were probably committed by more than one person is incorrect as there is no information about the number of murderers in Ripper murder. Option C. exposed faults in policing systems is incorrect. This information is only true with the Ratcliffe. All things considered, the answer of Q24 is A. remain unsolved. | |
When the Metropolitan Police Force was first formed
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q25 When the Metropolitan Police Force was first formed A all UK police forces had to answer to it. B the public was disapproving. C a new era of policing started. D its faults were immediately apparent. | In fact, the creation of the Metropolitan Police Force was a turning point in English law-keeping. |
Note The keywords concerned in Q25 are Metropolitan Police Force and first formed. From the question, we can assume that the answer should be information about the situation at the time Metropolitan Police Force was first formed. According to the conversation, the Metropolitan Police Force was said to be a turning point in English law-keeping, matching with option C. a new era of policing started. For that reason, the answer of Q25 is C. a new era of policing started. | |
Questions 26-30
What does the lecturer say about the following?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 26-30.
| A | not in possession of firearms |
| B | paid by local government |
| C | non-discriminatory |
26 The Bow Street Runners
27 Night Watchmen
28 Constables
29 The Metropolitan Police Force
30 Contemporary Police Forces
- 26 Answer: B
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Q26
The Bow Street Runners
L: Well, at least It was full-time paid work. In fact, policing only first became a permanent full-time profession with the advent of Henry Fielding. He formed a force armed with pistols, known as the 'Bow Street Runners' in 1749, answerable to and paid by a magistrate's office.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q26 is Bow Street Runners.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is paid by a magistrate’s office or in other words, paid by local government. According to the conversation, the Bow Street Runners is a force armed with pistol, answerable to and paid by a local government, matching with information of option B.
For that reason, the answer of Q26 is B. paid by local government.
- 27 Answer: A
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Q27
Night Watchmen
Prior to that, policing had relied on unpaid night watchmen and constables working for a particular parish. Male householders were chosen for the jobs of watchman or constable, working by rotation or appointment. Armed with no more than a cane, the watchmen were a poor match for the criminals of the day as were the constables who were similarly ill-equipped.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q27 is Night Watchmen.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is armed with no more than a cane or in other words, not in possession of firearms. According to the conversation, Night Watchmen are unpaid and not in possession of firearms, matching with information of option A.
For that reason, the answer of Q27 is A. not in possession of firearms.
- 28 Answer: A
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Q28
Constables
Armed with no more than a cane, the watchmen were a poor match for the criminals of the day as were the constables who were similarly ill-equipped.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q28 is Constables.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is ill-equipped or in other words, not in possession of firearms. According to the conversation, Constables were ill-equipped like Night Watchmen, matching with information of option A.
For that reason, the answer of Q28 is A. not in possession of firearms.
- 29 Answer: C
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Q29
The Metropolitan Police Force
SI: So, did the Metropolitan Police Force operate a tough selection process for employing officers?
L: There were the same conditions for a certain height and fitness level as in contemporary police forces. But when new recruits entered the Force they had to work their wav up from the bottom. No concessions were made for class or background.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q29 is Metropolitan Police Force.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer, which is no concessions were made for class or background, or in other words, non-discriminatory. This information is matched with option C.
For that reason, the answer of Q29 is C. non-discriminatory.
- 30 Answer: C
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Q30
Contemporary Police Forces
L: There were the same conditions for a certain height and fitness level as in contemporary police forces. But when new recruits entered the Force they had to work their wav up from the bottom. No concessions were made for class or background. This still holds true today.
Note
The keyword concerned in Q30 is Contemporary Police Forces.
The keyword is mentioned in the conversation, followed by the answer no concessions were made for class or background, which still holds true today. This information is matched with option C. non-discriminatory.
For that reason, the answer of Q30 is C. non-discriminatory.
Questions 31-36
Label the diagram below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
31
32
33
34
35
36
- 31 Answer: witness stand
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Q31-36
Label the diagram
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public.
Note
To answer this kind of question, it would be better to find the starting point based on information in the speech. In this speech, the starting point is the judge’s bench.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. For that reason, the smaller one, which is number 31, is the witness stand while the larger one, which is number 32, is the court reporter.
Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings, which is matched with number 33.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings, which is matched with number 34.
Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant. The information about the jury box is matched with number 35.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The information about the spectators is matched with number 36.
All things considered, the answer of Q31 is witness stand, Q32 is court reporter, Q33 is bailiff, Q34 is court clerk, Q35 is jury box and Q36 is spectators.
- 32 Answer: court reporter
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Q31-36
Label the diagram
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public.
Note
To answer this kind of question, it would be better to find the starting point based on information in the speech. In this speech, the starting point is the judge’s bench.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. For that reason, the smaller one, which is number 31, is the witness stand while the larger one, which is number 32, is the court reporter.
Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings, which is matched with number 33.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings, which is matched with number 34.
Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant. The information about the jury box is matched with number 35.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The information about the spectators is matched with number 36.
All things considered, the answer of Q31 is witness stand, Q32 is court reporter, Q33 is bailiff, Q34 is court clerk, Q35 is jury box and Q36 is spectators.
- 33 Answer: bailiff
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q31-36
Label the diagram
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public.
Note
To answer this kind of question, it would be better to find the starting point based on information in the speech. In this speech, the starting point is the judge’s bench.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. For that reason, the smaller one, which is number 31, is the witness stand while the larger one, which is number 32, is the court reporter.
Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings, which is matched with number 33.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings, which is matched with number 34.
Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant. The information about the jury box is matched with number 35.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The information about the spectators is matched with number 36.
All things considered, the answer of Q31 is witness stand, Q32 is court reporter, Q33 is bailiff, Q34 is court clerk, Q35 is jury box and Q36 is spectators.
- 34 Answer: court clerk
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q31-36
Label the diagram
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public.
Note
To answer this kind of question, it would be better to find the starting point based on information in the speech. In this speech, the starting point is the judge’s bench.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. For that reason, the smaller one, which is number 31, is the witness stand while the larger one, which is number 32, is the court reporter.
Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings, which is matched with number 33.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings, which is matched with number 34.
Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant. The information about the jury box is matched with number 35.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The information about the spectators is matched with number 36.
All things considered, the answer of Q31 is witness stand, Q32 is court reporter, Q33 is bailiff, Q34 is court clerk, Q35 is jury box and Q36 is spectators.
- 35 Answer: jury box
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q31-36
Label the diagram
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public.
Note
To answer this kind of question, it would be better to find the starting point based on information in the speech. In this speech, the starting point is the judge’s bench.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. For that reason, the smaller one, which is number 31, is the witness stand while the larger one, which is number 32, is the court reporter.
Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings, which is matched with number 33.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings, which is matched with number 34.
Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant. The information about the jury box is matched with number 35.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The information about the spectators is matched with number 36.
All things considered, the answer of Q31 is witness stand, Q32 is court reporter, Q33 is bailiff, Q34 is court clerk, Q35 is jury box and Q36 is spectators.
- 36 Answer: spectators
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q31-36
Label the diagram
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public.
Note
To answer this kind of question, it would be better to find the starting point based on information in the speech. In this speech, the starting point is the judge’s bench.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. For that reason, the smaller one, which is number 31, is the witness stand while the larger one, which is number 32, is the court reporter.
Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings, which is matched with number 33.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings, which is matched with number 34.
Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant. The information about the jury box is matched with number 35.
All those who are actively involved in court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The information about the spectators is matched with number 36.
All things considered, the answer of Q31 is witness stand, Q32 is court reporter, Q33 is bailiff, Q34 is court clerk, Q35 is jury box and Q36 is spectators.
Questions 37-40
Complete the flow chart below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
The process of reaching a court verdict |
Once all court evidence is given and examined, the judge will summarise the case. |
|
Usually the contents of the summary are 37 a meeting between the judge and the lawyers for the defence and for the prosecution. |
|
The summing up may be split into two sections: a legal component and a summary. |
|
In the former section, legal procedure is outlined and 38 is given of the accusation being made against the defendant. |
|
In the latter section, the judge tries to ensure 39 summing up of the case. |
|
The judge will stress the importance of reaching a unanimous verdict to the jury. |
|
Before the jury retires, the judge may offer written guidelines, known as the ' 40 to verdict’. |
- 37 Answer: determined by
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q37
Usually the contents of the summary are ________ a meeting between the judge and the lawyers for the defence and for the prosecution.
Prior to the judge's summing up the case, it is normal court procedure for the judge to meet with both lawyers first. In the meeting, what the judge will say is determined by mutual consent between the lawyers and the judge.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q37 are contents of the summary, meeting and prosecution.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a past participle.
The keywords are mentioned in the speech, followed by the answer, which is determined by. According to the speech, the contents of the summary are determined by a meeting/mutual consent between the lawyers and the judge.
For that reason, the answer of Q37 is determined by.
- 38 Answer: clarification
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q38
In the former section, legal procedure is outlined and ________ is given of the accusation being made against the defendant.
If this course of action is taken, the summing up will be divided into a legal part and a summary of the facts of the case. The legal part is basically a clarification of what the charge is and what has to be proven in addition to any special directives for the case, such as the need to respect confidentiality.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q38 are legal procedure and accusation being made against the defendant.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun, something is given of the accusation being made against the defendant.
According to the speech, the legal part, a clarification of what has to be proven against the defendant should be given, such as the need to respect confidentiality.
For that reason, the answer of Q38 is a clarification.
- 39 Answer: an impartial
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q39
In the latter section, the judge tries to ensure ________ summing up of the case.
The summary is given to ensure that all members of the jury are reminded of the essential facts of the case. It is an impartial summary of all the evidence heard during the trial by the jury.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q39 are judge, ensure and summing up of the case.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be an adjective/past participle.
According to the speech, in the latter section, the judge or the jury tried to ensure impartial summing up/summary of all the evidence of the case.
For that reason, the answer of Q39 is impartial.
- 40 Answer: route
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Audio
Q40
Before the jury retires, the judge may offer written guidelines, known as the ________ to verdict’.
After the summing up, the judge will stress the Importance of reaching a unanimous verdict. The jury will then retire to consider their decision. If the case is particularly complex, the judge will first issue the jury with a written document entitled a 'route to verdict'. This is essentially a series of questions the jury should pose themselves whilst considering the verdict.
Note
The keywords concerned in Q40 are judge, written guidelines and verdict.
From the question, we can assume that the answer should be a noun.
According to the speech, before the jury retires, the judge may offer a written document/guideline known as a route to verdict.
For that reason, the answer of Q40 is route.
源 1
源 2
Part 1
You will hear a conversation between a police officer and a crime victim. First you have some time to look at questions 1-3. [Pause 30 seconds]
You will see that there is an example that has been done for you. On this occasion only, the conversation relating to this will be played first.
P.C. Browning: Good afternoon. Sussex Constabulary, P.C. Browning, speaking.
Mrs. Tindale: Good afternoon. I would like to report a theft.
P.C. Browning: Right, madam. First I need to get your details before we can proceed.
Mrs. Tindale: Fine. Go ahead.
Narrator: The crime is theft, so you write 'theft' in the space provided. You should answer the questions as you listen because you will not hear the recording a second time.
Listen carefully and answer questions 1-3.
P.C. Browning: Good afternoon. Sussex Constabulary, P.C. Browning, speaking.
Mrs. Tindale: Good afternoon. I would like to report a theft.
P.C. Browning: Right, madam. First I need to get your details before we can proceed.
Mrs. Tindale: Fine. Go ahead.
P.C. Browning: Could you give me your first name and surname please?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes, it's Mary Tindale.
P.C. Browning: Could you spell your surname, please?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes. It's T-I-that's T, not 'Y',-N-D-A-L-E.
P.C. Browning: Sorry I didn't quite catch that... was that an 'N' or an 'M' you said?
Mrs. Tindale: I know - the line's not good. I said 'N' not 'M'.
P.C. Browning: OK. And your home address and postcode?
Mrs. Tindale: 4, Larch Avenue, Park Road, Swindon.
P.C. Browning: Sorry, you said 4, Larch Avenue? As in 'L-A-R-C-H'?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes. And the postcode is FN1 SW19.
Narrator: Before listening to the rest of the conversation you have some time to look at questions 4-10. [Pause 30 seconds] Now listen and answer questions 4-10.
P.C. Browning: OK, that's fine. Now, you said you would like to report a theft.
Mrs. Tindale: Yes, my handbag was stolen this,morning.
P.C. Browning: Can you describe your handbag?
Mrs. Tindale: Well, it's quite an ordinary white leather bag with two black leather handles. Oh, and a black shoulder strap, too.
P.C. Browning: Any other features you could describe?
Mrs. Tindale: It's quite plain. There Isn't any picture or design on the front. There's also a zip fastener on the top.
P.C. Browning: How about the contents? Did you have any valuables In it?
Mrs. Tindale: Luckily no, I left my iPad at home along with my mobile. I'm quite forgetful, sometimes! I had a purse in It though , with a small amount of money as well as my driving licence. My keys and personal Items and so on, I always keep about me In my coat pocket.
P.C. Browning: OK. That's fine. All I need to have is your phone number or other contact number.
Mrs. Tindale: My mobile number Is 0-7-9-0-0-3-8-1-9-8-8.
P.C. Browning: Sorry, was that double 8 at the end?
Mrs. Tindale: Yes, that's right.
P.C. Browning: Thank you. That's all I need for now. You need a crime number.
Mrs. Tindale: OK, I'll just get a pen...
P.C. Browning: Ready?
Mrs. Tindale: Go ahead.
P.C. Browning: So, it's TK 34S 5899. We'll contact you within the week to give you an update.
Mrs. Tindale: Thank you officer.
Narrator: That's the end of Part 1. You have half a minute to check your answers. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now turn to Part 2.
Part 2
You will hear an interview with Jon Whiting reviewing prison systems in America, past and present. First you will have time to look at questions 11-15. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now listen carefully and answer questions 11-15.
Presenter:
Today the prison system is in crisis. Disorder and violence are the norm in many prisons. With us today is Jon Whiting to talk about how history could teach us a few things about running prisons more effectively and at less cost to the taxpayer. So Jon, tell us a bit more about the lessons we could learn from the past.
Jon Whiting:
Well, today we see prisoners behaving aggressively towards prison guards, who themselves struggle to maintain discipline in prisons. We are giving prisoners too many rights. Maybe we need to adopt prison systems used in past times to maintain better control in prisons. For one thing, prison systems in the past could definitely teach us about how to better control prisoners with fewer guards. I know it sounds too good to be true and a bit of a contradiction in terms, but certain prison designs from the past have done exactly this.
In fact it was in the 18th century that the design for the first really effective prison was thought of. Even today the design is far superior to any modern prison building. The design was the idea of philosopher and social realist, Jeremy Bentham. Named the 'Panopticon' after the Greek 'pan' meaning 'all' and 'opticon' seeing, the design allowed a single guard to watch many prisoners at the same time. It was an amazingly clever invention.
Bentham's design had the form of a central guard tower around which the prison cells were grouped in a circular fashion, facing inwards towards the tower. Seen from a bird's-eye view, the design resembled a giant pie cut into segments, each triangular segment being an individual prison cell, with the watch tower at the centre.
What made this design so clever was the fact that only one guard was needed to watch all the prisoners. As a result, fewer guards were needed, reducing cost and manpower. It also had the effect of making prisoners behave better. This was because whilst the guard could in theory see all the prisoners at any one time, they could not see him due to the way the prison was designed, So, manpower could be reduced to almost zero at times, if the guard wanted to take a break, as his prisoners would never realise they weren't being watched!
Narrator: Before you hear the rest of the discussion you have some time to look at questions 16-20. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now listen and answer questions 16-20.
Although Bentham's idea was never put into practice in his lifetime, in later years a very similar design was patented by William H, Brown and Benjamin Haugh in 1881. One of these, the 'Squirrel Cage' in Pottawattamie County only closed in 1969. It was one of 3 prisons designed by Brown and Haugh. Each had the unusual feature of revolving prison cells that moved around a central tower, like a wheel revolving on its axis. Bearing an obvious similarity to Bentham's Panopticon, the cells within the wheel-like structure were all also triangular in shape.
Brown and Haugh's designs ensured that no personal contact between prisoners and jailers was necessary. However, they also allowed maximum security with minimum jailer attention, just like Bentham's original Panopticon design, in fact.
The main difference between the three prison designs was in their size. The Pottawattamie County jail was constructed on 3 floors, whilst the Crawfordsville jail in Indiana was a 2-storey prison and the Gallatin Missouri jail only a 1-storey prison. The Pottawattamie County jail also had some extra buildings outside the perimeter of the prison cells. These buildings included the kitchen, jailer's accommodation as well as cells for female prisoners and more trusted inmates. All buildings now are disused as jails, and they function as museums to those interested in history and the purely curious.
Any modern-day visitor can now see first-hand the signatures and dates of many of the prisons' infamous prisoners, which are carved into the prison walls. They can also marvel at the ingenuity of prison buildings that have never been equalled in practicality and design since they were first constructed over 100 years ago.
In complete contrast to the preceding prison designs is the contemporary architecture of Norway's Halden prison. This, for me, exemplifies what is wrong with prisons today. More reminiscent of a holiday camp than a place of incarceration. Halden's prison buildings are surrounded by attractively landscaped areas. The idea is to provide a relaxing environment but it seems that the architects forgot that prison is meant to punish prisoners, not provide them with recreational facilities! I believe that the lenience exhibited towards prisoners today and the privileges that they enjoy are contributing to the disorder that we now see in prisons. Architects need to look to past prison designs for inspiration, not holiday brochures for luxury hotels!
Narrator. That's the end of Part 2. You have half a minute to check your answers. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now turn to Part 3.
Part 3
You will hear a discussion between two students of criminology and their lecturer. First you have some time to look at questions 21-25. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now listen carefully and answer questions 21-25.
SI: That was a really fascinating lecture.
S2: If a bit gruesome!
L: Well, the Ratcliffe murders of 1811 certainly had a significant impact on English society at the time. It wasn't just the fact that innocent parties were involved or that two households were brutally murdered that provoked public outrage and hysteria. The murderer or murderers - since there may, as you know, have been an accomplice - invaded the sanctity of their victims' homes to commit truly horrendous crimes.
SI: An Englishman's home is his castle, right? So I guess no one felt truly safe in the comfort of their own home after that?
L: Exactly. That's also why burglaries, too have such a profound effect on their victims. It's often not the loss of valuables or pos; sessions or even the inconvenience that upsets a victim most, but the fact that their conviction of being safe in their own home lias been severely compromised.
SI: But public hysteria broke out too, didn't it, because there was a feeling that public safety was under threat. It was felt that the localised police forces at the time were inadequate.
L: Very true. The police force at the time had limited power. They could enforce the rulings of a local magistrate for the county but they had one huge disadvantage,
S2: There was no communication between county police forces, was there?
L: Yes. Details of crimes committed within a county were not shared. Obviously, when a criminal crossed county borders they could often successfully evade capture.
SI: Today that seems so absurd!
L: Nowadays, with information instantly accessible to all police forces nationally and worldwide on police computer systems, yes it does. But don't forget that it was only with the formation of London's Metropolitan Police Force in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel that criminal records could begin to be consolidated on a national basis. Even then, some areas outside and even within the Metropolitan Police District remained beyond the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Police Force.
S2: Were the Ratcliffe murders a bit of a wake-up call, then, to the crime-fighting forces of the time?
L: More than that, they acted as a catalyst In the formation of the Metropolitan Police. The public, too, played no small part in bringing about the much needed shake-up in the policing systems of the era.
SI: So the Metropolitan Force was founded over half a century before the infamous Jack the Ripper murders?
L: Yes, however, in spite of the Force's best efforts, the Ripper remained at large. Many suspects were put forward though, ranging from children's author Lewis Carroll through to artist Walter Sickert. Despite the notable failure to deliver justice on this occasion, the Metropolitan Police Force could not be blamed for any Inadequacies in police procedure. In fact the creation of the Metropolitan Police Force was a turning point in English law-keeping.
Narrator: Before you hear the rest of the discussion you have some time to look at questions 26-30. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now listen and answer questions 26-30.
SI: So once the public got what they wanted - an organised police force - were they happy?
L: One would Imagine that that would have been the case. However, the public in fact showed a resentment towards the new law enforcers.
S2: Really?
L: Yes, so much so that the public gave them derogatory names like 'Peelers' and 'Bobbies' - nicknames derived from the name of the Metropolitan Force's founder, Sir Robert Peel.
S2:1 guess not many people would have wanted to work for the Metropolitan Police then?
L: Well, at least It was full-time paid work. In fact, policing only first became a permanent full-time profession with the advent of Henry Fielding. He formed a force armed with pistols, known as the 'Bow Street Runners' in 1749, answerable to and paid by a magistrate's office. Prior to that, policing had relied on unpaid night watchmen and constables working for a particular parish. Male householders were chosen for the jobs of watchman or constable, working by rotation or appointment. Armed with no more than a cane, the watchmen were a poor match for the criminals of the day as were the constables who were similarly ill-equipped. Those appointed as watchmen or constables not surprisingly lacked enthusiasm for their task which had to be combined with their normal daytime employment.
SI: So, did the Metropolitan Police Force operate a tough selection process for employing officers?
L: There were the same conditions for a certain height and fitness level as In contemporary police forces. But when new recruits entered the Force they had to work their wav up from the bottom. No concessions were made for class or background. This still holds true today.
Narrator: That's the end of Part 3. You have half a minute to check your answers. [Pause 30 seconds]
Now turn to Part 4.
Part 4
You will hear a recording describing a trial courtroom and the conduct of legal trials. First you have some time to look at questions 31-40. [Pause 1 minute]
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31-40.
Although variations occur in courtroom layouts, this is a description of a standard UK trial courtroom.
In a trial courtroom, the judge is invariably seated behind an elevated desk or bench. Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and a section that is slightly larger to accommodate the court reporter. Behind the court reporter, the bailiff stands against the wall of the courtroom throughout the proceedings. His job is to ensure the court procedure is observed and order is maintained.
Directly in front of the judge's bench, located in the central courtroom area known as 'the well', Is a table where the court clerk sits and records court proceedings. Only the bailiff is authorised to cross the well during a court session to transfer documents between the lawyers and the judge. Any unauthorised crossing of the well is regarded as being extremely disrespectful to the court and is usually expressly forbidden.
Off to one side of the clerk's desk Is located a table where the defendant and his lawyer are seated. The defendant, also known as 'the accused' works closely with his lawyer who is also termed the lawyer for the defence. Across the other side of the courtroom, the lawyer for the prosecution sits with the plaintiff, who is bringing the case against the defendant to court. Close by Is the jury box that covers the largest area in the courtroom. It holds 12 members of the public who are responsible for delivering the final verdict on the defendant.
All those who are actively involved In court proceedings are in the area of the courtroom termed 'the bar'. Behind the area of the bar is the gallery which seats spectators who may be relatives of those involved in the court hearing or merely curious members of the public. The bar itself may be an actual physical barrier, such as a railing or merely a designated area. Apart from the parties to the case and any witnesses, only the lawyers can literally pass the bar (court personnel and jury members usually enter through separate doors behind the bench) and this is why the term 'the bar' has come to refer to the legal profession as a whole.
So, that is the court set-up. Now onto how the verdict is arrived at and sentence proclaimed by the judge.
When all evidence has been given and challenged, by both the lawyer for the prosecution and the lawyer for the defence, then the process of reaching a verdict can begin.
Prior to the judge's summing up the case, it is normal court procedure for the judge to meet with both lawyers first. In the meeting, what the judge will say is determined by mutual consent between the lawyers and the judge. It is then up to the judge to decide if the summing up will be split into two parts. If this course of action is taken, the summing up will be divided into a legal part and a summary of the facts of the case. The legal part is basically a clarification of what the charge is and what has to be proven in addition to any special directives for the case, such as the need to respect confidentiality. The summary is given to ensure that all members of the jury are reminded of the essential facts of the case. It is an impartial summary of all the evidence heard during the trial by the jury.
After the summing up, the judge will stress the Importance of reaching a unanimous verdict. The jury will then retire to consider their decision. If the case is particularly complex, the judge will first issue the jury with a written document entitled a 'route to verdict'. This is essentially a series of questions the jury should pose themselves whilst considering the verdict.
The time taken for a jury to reach a verdict can vary from a few hours to several days. If there is a chance that the verdict will not be reached, before the end of the court day, then members of the jury are free to go home on the proviso that they will not discuss details of the case with anyone outside the courtroom. The more serious the case, the longer a jury may take to reach a decision, If the jury continues to struggle to reach a verdict, the judge will deliver a 'Watson Direction' which is also known as a 'give and take direction'. Essentially, this is a directive reminding the jury of their oath and to maintain unbiased views whilst discussing the verdict. Should the jury not be unanimous in their decision, then a majority verdict is permitted.
Once the verdict has been delivered, the sentencing of the accused is left entirely to- the judge. The jury is, however, permitted beforehand to influence the judge's sentencing in order to make it more lenient. Accordingly, a 'recommendation of mercy' is added to the jury verdict, Whether the judge takes this Into account is entirely up to them.
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