正确答案:
Part 1: Question 1 - 13
- 1 v
- 2 i
- 3 vi
- 4 x
- 5 ix
- 6 iv
- 7 ii
- 8 TRUE
- 9 TRUE
- 10 NOT GIVEN
- 11 13 C,D,E
Answer Keys
- 1 v
- 2 i
- 3 vi
- 4 x
- 5 ix
- 6 iv
- 7 ii
- 8 TRUE
- 9 TRUE
- 10 NOT GIVEN
- 11 13 C,D,E
Part 2: Question 14 - 26
- 14 YES
- 15 YES
- 16 NO
- 17 NOT GIVEN
- 18 YES
- 19 NOT GIVEN
- 20 1976, 1995
- 21 2000 floods/flooding
- 22 1998 and 2002/1998, 2002
- 23 1990
- 24 1781
- 25 France
- 26 D
Answer Keys
- 14 YES
- 15 YES
- 16 NO
- 17 NOT GIVEN
- 18 YES
- 19 NOT GIVEN
- 20 1976, 1995
- 21 2000 floods/flooding
- 22 1998 and 2002/1998, 2002
- 23 1990
- 24 1781
- 25 France
- 26 D
Part 3: Question 27 - 40
- 27 B
- 28 C
- 29 H
- 30 G
- 31 E
- 32 D
- 33 A
- 34 bee-keeping
- 35 life cycles
- 36 drought(s)
- 37 C
- 38 A
- 39 D
- 40 D
Answer Keys
- 27 B
- 28 C
- 29 H
- 30 G
- 31 E
- 32 D
- 33 A
- 34 bee-keeping
- 35 life cycles
- 36 drought(s)
- 37 C
- 38 A
- 39 D
- 40 D
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
| List of headings | |
| i | Early years of Gilbert |
| ii | What was new about his scientific research method |
| iii | The development of chemistry |
| iv | Questioning traditional astronomy |
| v | Pioneers of the early science |
| vi | Professional and social recognition |
| vii | Becoming the president of the Royal Science Society |
| viii | The great works of Gilbert |
| ix | His discovery about magnetism |
| x | His change of focus |
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
- 1 Answer: v
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Q1: two great pioneers of modern science”
pioneers in early science“ (v)
From the passage, we can assume that the key word is pioneers
The first sentence of this paragraph contains this word
“Early science” is similar to “ modern science”
Reading more, we can also see “ first modern scientist” which also has similar meaning of pioneers of modern science ( first similar to pioneer). Therefore, the answer for Q1 is v
- 2 Answer: i
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Q2: Gilbert’s Birth; … born in….. Went to grammar school.. Studied… travelled…
Early years of Gilbert
Skimming passage B, we can see that the word “ birth, born” equivalent of “early years”
Supporting details for early years are:
[....Went to grammar school.. …]
...studied… travelled…]
Thus, the answer for Q2 is i
- 3 Answer: vi
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Q3: Successful and eminent doctor
Election to the president
Appointed personal physician to the Queen
Knighted by the Queen
Professional and social recognition
The first sentence of this passage can tell you about professional
The next two sentence is about social recognition (He was personal physician to the Queen; The Queen knighted him). Hence, the answer for Q3 is vi
- 4 Answer: x
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
First interested in chemistry but later changed his focus
His change of focus
Sometimes, the first sentence of the passage tell the main idea ( just like when you try to write your essay!)
The first sentence of this passage has the key word “ change his focus” (Verb+ Noun), another way of saying “his change of focus” ( Noun phrase)
Thus, The answer for Q4 is x
- 5 Answer: ix
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Gilber’s discovery; [...] investigated the nature of magnetism…
His discovery about magnetism
The first two sentences talk about discovery and magnetism.
There were more details about this later in the passage:
[...found that metals can be magnetised….
...study the relationship between magnetism and electricity…]
Therefore, the answer for Q5 is ix
- 6 Answer: iv
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs
Questioning traditional astronomy
The first sentence has the same keywords with the heading.
astronomical ( adj) has the same meaning with belong to astronomy
More details to come in the passage:
[..didn’t express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the centre of the universe or in orbit around the sun..
..he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth…]
Thus, the answer for Q6 is ix
- 7 Answer: ii
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Research method
Revolutionary
What was new about his scientific research method
In the first sentence, we can see the keyword research method. Also, the word revolutionary is similar to new. The first sentence also explains what was new [...that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did…]
The second sentence contains:
new attitude ~ what was new
scientific ( adj.) ~ belongs to science
Investigation is similar to research
Thus, the answer for Q7 is ii
Questions 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
8 He is less famous than he should be.
9 He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by the Queen.
10 He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.
- 8 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8: He is less famous than he should be.
However, he is less well known than he deserves.
Note: The statement is related to the social reputation of Gilbert; therefore, we can expect it to match with the theme of the first three paragraphs. If you skim quickly AFTER reading the question, you can realise that the last sentence of the first paragraph conveys the same idea as the statement so the answer is TRUE.
*You may be tempted to look at paragraph C entitled Professional and social recognition as it is directly matched with the question. It is fine to do so, as it can potentially save time (though it does not save time for this question). By default, you start scanning from top down, but if you can locate one paragraph that is more directly related to the ‘theme’ of the question, start with it first.
- 9 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q9: He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by the Queen.
He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed personal physician to the Queen (Elizabeth I),…
Note: Q9 has the same theme as Q8, about the social reputation of Gilbert. However, by skimming properly, one may find the necessary information in the first sentence of paragraph C and the following scanning will confirm the answer. Thus, the answer here is TRUE.
*Note that sometimes the IELTS passage will assume that you have common sense, such as a man could only be appointed personal doctor of the Queen by the Queen herself.
- 10 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q10: He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.
Note: The theme of the question is matched with the theme of paragraphs D - His change of focus and G - What was new about his scientific research method However, scanning the passage will yield no information about his faith in contemporary medical theories so the answer is NOT GIVEN.
Questions 11-13
Choose THREE letters A-F.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following are parts of Gilbert’s discovery?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- 11-13 Answer: C,D,E
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Tips for Q11-13
To answer this kind of question, you need to pick out a certain number of correct statements. Different people will have different strategies, but the two prevalent ones are “proving the rights” and “crossing out the wrongs” and mixed ones. However, whatever strategy, the most important thing is finding the clues which can prove whether an option is correct or not to identify the wrong and right choices.
To find the clues, scan the paragraphs for keywords (it is assumed that you have knowledge about the ‘theme’ of each paragraph up to now so that you know where to look first instead of just starting from the beginning). When one finds it hard to to find clues for answers, cross out irrelevant sentences and focus on the potential ones.
Q11-13:
A. Metal can be transformed into another.
Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved (such as the transmutation of metal).
Note: With proper skimming, one can find the answer right at the first sentence of paragraph 4. Also note that Gilbert regarded the ideas in alchemy as ‘mysticism’ i.e. he didn’t think it was valid and abandoned it, so of course he could not have made any discovery in the field. Thus, A is NOT an answer.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
B. Garlic can remove magnetism.
Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralise its magnetism
Note: The important keyword here is ‘magnetism’, which is matched with the ‘theme’ of paragraph E - His discovery about magnetism. Therefore, the paragraph needs to be scanned first. After scanning, one can find ‘rubbing garlic’ mentioned as a ‘superstition’ and no mention of Gilbert as the man behind this superstitious idea. Therefore, B is NOT an answer.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
C. Metals can be magnetised.
Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetised by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them.
Note: The important keyword here is ‘magnetised’, which points readers to paragraph E. After scanning, one may find the statement mentioned word by word in one sentence, together with the proof that Gilbert ‘found’ the phenomenon, so C is an answer.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
D. Stars are at different distances from the earth
However, he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them.
Note: The important keyword here is ‘stars’, which points readers to paragraph F about astronomy. After scanning, one can find the proof for Gilbert’s belief in the idea. Hence, D is an answer.
*One may find the answer D controversial as what Gilbert believed is not necessarily what he discovered (through experiments, observations, etc.). One may find it proper to leave the answer D there first and address other choices before coming back for it.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
E. The earth wobbles on its axis.
The earth itself is like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth’s polarity.
...
Further, he also believed that the sun and other stars wobble just like the earth does
Note: The key for the answer is unclear. From the later sentence, one can get the idea that ‘the earth wobbles’. However, the information about the ‘axis’ is not definitive enough to conclude that ‘The earth wobbles on its axis’. One may find it proper to leave the choice there first and address other choices before coming back to it. Nevertheless, E is an answer.
Keywords in Questions
F. There are two charges of electricity.
It is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.
Note: Seeing ‘electricity’, it will take some skimming to find that ‘electricity’ is mentioned with magnetism in paragraph E. Furthermore, with proper skimming, one may find the clue in the last sentence of paragraph E, which mentions ‘two charges’ discovered by another person. Thus, F is NOT an answer.
*After addressing all the choices, one will find that D and E, though controversial, must be the answers as one has strong evidence that A, B, F are not.
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详细试卷答案解析:
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.
Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
| List of headings | |
| i | Early years of Gilbert |
| ii | What was new about his scientific research method |
| iii | The development of chemistry |
| iv | Questioning traditional astronomy |
| v | Pioneers of the early science |
| vi | Professional and social recognition |
| vii | Becoming the president of the Royal Science Society |
| viii | The great works of Gilbert |
| ix | His discovery about magnetism |
| x | His change of focus |
1 Paragraph A
2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C
4 Paragraph D
5 Paragraph E
6 Paragraph F
7 Paragraph G
- 1 Answer: v
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Q1: two great pioneers of modern science”
pioneers in early science“ (v)
From the passage, we can assume that the key word is pioneers
The first sentence of this paragraph contains this word
“Early science” is similar to “ modern science”
Reading more, we can also see “ first modern scientist” which also has similar meaning of pioneers of modern science ( first similar to pioneer). Therefore, the answer for Q1 is v
- 2 Answer: i
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Q2: Gilbert’s Birth; … born in….. Went to grammar school.. Studied… travelled…
Early years of Gilbert
Skimming passage B, we can see that the word “ birth, born” equivalent of “early years”
Supporting details for early years are:
[....Went to grammar school.. …]
...studied… travelled…]
Thus, the answer for Q2 is i
- 3 Answer: vi
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Q3: Successful and eminent doctor
Election to the president
Appointed personal physician to the Queen
Knighted by the Queen
Professional and social recognition
The first sentence of this passage can tell you about professional
The next two sentence is about social recognition (He was personal physician to the Queen; The Queen knighted him). Hence, the answer for Q3 is vi
- 4 Answer: x
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
First interested in chemistry but later changed his focus
His change of focus
Sometimes, the first sentence of the passage tell the main idea ( just like when you try to write your essay!)
The first sentence of this passage has the key word “ change his focus” (Verb+ Noun), another way of saying “his change of focus” ( Noun phrase)
Thus, The answer for Q4 is x
- 5 Answer: ix
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Gilber’s discovery; [...] investigated the nature of magnetism…
His discovery about magnetism
The first two sentences talk about discovery and magnetism.
There were more details about this later in the passage:
[...found that metals can be magnetised….
...study the relationship between magnetism and electricity…]
Therefore, the answer for Q5 is ix
- 6 Answer: iv
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs
Questioning traditional astronomy
The first sentence has the same keywords with the heading.
astronomical ( adj) has the same meaning with belong to astronomy
More details to come in the passage:
[..didn’t express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the centre of the universe or in orbit around the sun..
..he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth…]
Thus, the answer for Q6 is ix
- 7 Answer: ii
Keywords in the passage
Similar words in Question
Research method
Revolutionary
What was new about his scientific research method
In the first sentence, we can see the keyword research method. Also, the word revolutionary is similar to new. The first sentence also explains what was new [...that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did…]
The second sentence contains:
new attitude ~ what was new
scientific ( adj.) ~ belongs to science
Investigation is similar to research
Thus, the answer for Q7 is ii
Questions 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | If there is no information on this |
8 He is less famous than he should be.
9 He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by the Queen.
10 He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.
- 8 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q8: He is less famous than he should be.
However, he is less well known than he deserves.
Note: The statement is related to the social reputation of Gilbert; therefore, we can expect it to match with the theme of the first three paragraphs. If you skim quickly AFTER reading the question, you can realise that the last sentence of the first paragraph conveys the same idea as the statement so the answer is TRUE.
*You may be tempted to look at paragraph C entitled Professional and social recognition as it is directly matched with the question. It is fine to do so, as it can potentially save time (though it does not save time for this question). By default, you start scanning from top down, but if you can locate one paragraph that is more directly related to the ‘theme’ of the question, start with it first.
- 9 Answer: TRUE
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q9: He was famous as a doctor before he was employed by the Queen.
He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed personal physician to the Queen (Elizabeth I),…
Note: Q9 has the same theme as Q8, about the social reputation of Gilbert. However, by skimming properly, one may find the necessary information in the first sentence of paragraph C and the following scanning will confirm the answer. Thus, the answer here is TRUE.
*Note that sometimes the IELTS passage will assume that you have common sense, such as a man could only be appointed personal doctor of the Queen by the Queen herself.
- 10 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q10: He lost faith in the medical theories of his time.
Note: The theme of the question is matched with the theme of paragraphs D - His change of focus and G - What was new about his scientific research method However, scanning the passage will yield no information about his faith in contemporary medical theories so the answer is NOT GIVEN.
Questions 11-13
Choose THREE letters A-F.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
Which THREE of the following are parts of Gilbert’s discovery?
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- 11-13 Answer: C,D,E
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Tips for Q11-13
To answer this kind of question, you need to pick out a certain number of correct statements. Different people will have different strategies, but the two prevalent ones are “proving the rights” and “crossing out the wrongs” and mixed ones. However, whatever strategy, the most important thing is finding the clues which can prove whether an option is correct or not to identify the wrong and right choices.
To find the clues, scan the paragraphs for keywords (it is assumed that you have knowledge about the ‘theme’ of each paragraph up to now so that you know where to look first instead of just starting from the beginning). When one finds it hard to to find clues for answers, cross out irrelevant sentences and focus on the potential ones.
Q11-13:
A. Metal can be transformed into another.
Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved (such as the transmutation of metal).
Note: With proper skimming, one can find the answer right at the first sentence of paragraph 4. Also note that Gilbert regarded the ideas in alchemy as ‘mysticism’ i.e. he didn’t think it was valid and abandoned it, so of course he could not have made any discovery in the field. Thus, A is NOT an answer.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
B. Garlic can remove magnetism.
Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralise its magnetism
Note: The important keyword here is ‘magnetism’, which is matched with the ‘theme’ of paragraph E - His discovery about magnetism. Therefore, the paragraph needs to be scanned first. After scanning, one can find ‘rubbing garlic’ mentioned as a ‘superstition’ and no mention of Gilbert as the man behind this superstitious idea. Therefore, B is NOT an answer.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
C. Metals can be magnetised.
Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetised by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them.
Note: The important keyword here is ‘magnetised’, which points readers to paragraph E. After scanning, one may find the statement mentioned word by word in one sentence, together with the proof that Gilbert ‘found’ the phenomenon, so C is an answer.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
D. Stars are at different distances from the earth
However, he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them.
Note: The important keyword here is ‘stars’, which points readers to paragraph F about astronomy. After scanning, one can find the proof for Gilbert’s belief in the idea. Hence, D is an answer.
*One may find the answer D controversial as what Gilbert believed is not necessarily what he discovered (through experiments, observations, etc.). One may find it proper to leave the answer D there first and address other choices before coming back for it.
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
E. The earth wobbles on its axis.
The earth itself is like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth’s polarity.
...
Further, he also believed that the sun and other stars wobble just like the earth does
Note: The key for the answer is unclear. From the later sentence, one can get the idea that ‘the earth wobbles’. However, the information about the ‘axis’ is not definitive enough to conclude that ‘The earth wobbles on its axis’. One may find it proper to leave the choice there first and address other choices before coming back to it. Nevertheless, E is an answer.
Keywords in Questions
F. There are two charges of electricity.
It is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.
Note: Seeing ‘electricity’, it will take some skimming to find that ‘electricity’ is mentioned with magnetism in paragraph E. Furthermore, with proper skimming, one may find the clue in the last sentence of paragraph E, which mentions ‘two charges’ discovered by another person. Thus, F is NOT an answer.
*After addressing all the choices, one will find that D and E, though controversial, must be the answers as one has strong evidence that A, B, F are not.
Questions 14-19
| YES | if the statement agrees with the views of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the views of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
- 14 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
The average summer temperature in 2003 is almost 4 degrees higher than the average temperature of the past.
the average temperature for the summer months was 3.78°C above the long-term norm
Considering the details in the third sentence of the paragraph, it could be inferred that the QUESTION 14 is confirmed in the passage, thus the answer is YES
- 15 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Global warming is caused by human activities.
- that the 2003 extreme may be directly attributed, not to natural climate variability, but to global warming caused by human actions.
But the final degree of it is likely to be due to global warming, caused by human actions .”
QUESTION 15: The statement: “Global warming is caused by human activities” is mentioned twice in the passage and there are no against opinions or any arguments. Thus, the answer is YES.
- 16 Answer: NO
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Jones believes the temperature variation is within the normal range.
“This is quite remarkable,’ Professor Jones told The Independent . “It’s very unusual in a statistical sense. If this series had a normal statistical distribution, you wouldn’t get this number.
QUESTION 16: ‘This number’ means temperature variation. Since Professor Jones suggested that “It’s very unusual in a statistical sense” so the temperature variation can not be within the normal range, thus the answer is NO
- 17 Answer: NOT GIVEN
- 18 Answer: YES
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
There were milder winters rather than hotter summers.
Until now, the warming has been manifesting itself mainly in winters that have been less cold than in summers that have been much hotter
QUESTION 18: Since the winters have been less cold equal milder winter and the summers have been much hotter, these two statements have the same meaning so the answer of this question is YES
- 19 Answer: NOT GIVEN
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Governments are building new high-altitude ski resorts.
Last week, the United Nations predicted that winters were warming so quickly that winter sports would die out in Europe’s lower-level ski resorts
QUESTION 19: Although the United Nations predicted that winters were warming so quickly that winter sports would die out in Europe’s lower-level ski resorts, the writer didn’t mention what governments are going to do to cope with this situation. Therefore, the answer is NOT GIVEN
Questions 20-21
Write your answers in boxes 20-21 on your answer sheet.
20
21
- 20 Answer: 1976, 1995
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q20: What are the other two hottest years in Britain besides 2003?
For Britain, the year as a whole is likely to be the warmest ever recorded, but despite the high temperature record on 10 August, the summer itself - defined as the June, July and August period - still comes behind 1976 and 1995, when there were longer periods of intense heat.
Note: Although Britain is mentioned in the first several paragraphs, it is not until paragraph 9 that the information for Britain is demonstrated in detail. Since the whole passage is talking about 2003, we can confirm that ‘‘the year’’ here refers to 2003. It is said that 2003 is considered the warmest year in the UK, but when considering summer time alone, 1976 and 1995 witnessed the longer sweltering period. Thus, 1976 and 1995 are the other two hottest years in Britain, apart from 2003. Hence the answer for Q20 is 1976, 1995 (no more than two words and/or numbers).
- 21 Answer: 2000 floods/flooding
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q21: What has also influenced government policies like the hot summer in 2003?
“It will certainly have left its mark on a number of countries, as to how they think and plan for climate change in the future, much as the 2000 floods have revolutionised the way the Government is thinking about flooding in the UK.
Note: The question features the word ‘‘also’’ which signposts that the answer is an event having similar impacts on government policies as the 2003 summer. Accordingly, the final paragraph mentions the hot summer in 2003 led to a lasting effect (left it mark) on the way many countries dealing with climate change. This is compared to the 2000 floods with the equivalent effect (much as) on the government revolutionised thoughts about flooding. Hence, 2000 floods/flooding is the answer for Q21.
Questions 22-25
Complete the summary below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 22-25 on your answer sheet.
The other two hottest years around the globe were 22
The ten hottest years on record all come after the year 23
This temperature data has been gathered since 24
Thousands of people died in the country of 25
- 22 Answer: 1998 and 2002/1998, 2002
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q22: The other two hottest years around the globe were
“At the moment, the year is on course to be the third hottest ever in the global temperature record, which goes back to 1856, behind 1998 and 2002
Note: In answering Q20, you might be considering the year 1998 and 2002 as well and might be trapped by the phrase ‘‘the third hottest ever’’. However, the difference is Q20 asks for the two other hottest years in Britain and Q22 asks for the whole world. Since 2003 is said to be the ‘‘third hottest ever in the global temperature record’’ which is behind 1998 and 2002, 1998 and 2002/1998, 2002 is the answer for Q22.
- 23 Answer: 1990
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q23:The ten hottest years on record all come after the year
The ten hottest years in the record have all now occurred since 1990.
Note: This question is very clear as almost exactly the same phrase ‘‘ten hottest years on record’’ was used and ‘‘come after’’ is the same as ‘‘occur since’’. Thus the answer for Q23 is apparently 1990.
- 24 Answer: 1781
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q24: This temperature data has been gathered since
For the great block of the map - that stretching between 35-50N and 0-20E - the CRU has reliable temperature records dating back to 1781.
Note: The 4th paragraph discusses how the extreme hot summer in 2003 is considered the greatest anomaly according to the temperature records by CRU. Within this paragraph, there is one sentence suggesting that CRU has been keeping reliable records of temperature since 1781, which means they started collecting data from that year. Thus 1781 is the answer for Q24.
- 25 Answer: France
Keywords in Questions
Similar words in Passage
Q25: Thousands of people died in the country of
The 15,000 excess deaths in France during August, compared with previous years, have been related to the high night-time temperatures.
Note: The fastest way to scan the answer is to look for the number. Since ‘‘15,000 excess deaths’’ is matched with the keyword ‘‘thousands of people died’’ in the question, France is the answer for Q25.
Question 26
- A
- B
- C
- D
Keywords in Questions | Similar words in Passage |
Q26: Which one of the following can be best used as the title of this passage? | |
Note: Consider the introduction and conclusion, both focus on the catastrophic summer heat in 2003 rather than discuss global warming in general. Thus, D is apparently the answer for Q26. | |
Questions 27-33
Reading Passage 3 has eight paragraphs A-H.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 27-33 on your answer sheet.
27 The definition of phenology
28 How Sparks first became aware of amateur records
29 How people reacted to their involvement in data collection
30 The necessity to encourage amateur data collection
31 A description of using amateur records to make predictions
32 Records of a competition providing clues to climate change
33 A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists
- 27 Answer: B
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Q27: The definition of phenology
These data sets, and others like them, are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phenology.
Note: The term ‘‘phenology’’ is first introduced in paragraph B with its concise definition of ‘‘the timing of biological events’’. Thus, B is the answer for Q27.
- 28 Answer: C
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Q28: How Sparks first became aware of amateur records
Sparks first became aware of the army of "closet phenologists”, as he describes them, when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham records
Note: Right from the beginning of paragraph C, the author mentions the occasion in which Sparks knew about ‘‘closet phenologists’’ for the first time, when he received the Marsham records from a retiring colleague. Since ‘‘closet’’ means not being displayed to the public, we understand that they are just amateur recorders, which matches with the keywords in Q28. Thus, C is the answer for Q28.
- 29 Answer: H
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Q29: How people reacted to their involvement in data collection
People are thrilled to think that the data they've been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific - it empowers them," says Root.
Note: One thing about this question is it asks for amateur naturalists’ reaction to their own work, not how professionals react to amateur involvement in data collection so the answer is neither E, F nor G. Indeed, the information is displayed in paragraph H which mentions the thrilled feeling of amateur phenologists when they realise the usefulness of their mere hobby for professional data collection. Hence, H is the answer for Q29.
- 30 Answer: G
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Q30: The necessity to encourage amateur data collection
The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. "It's very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers," says Root.
Note: Although subjecting to potential problems, amateur records are hailed in paragraph G as an inexpensive and widespread method to upscale the geographical breadth of data collection in natural research. Thus, this implies the necessity to empower and facilitate amateur observers to continue gathering data which may be used to serve professional research. Thus, the answer for Q30 is G.
- 31 Answer: E
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Q31: A description of using amateur records to make predictions.
The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future.
Note: Paragraph E provides an example of how the amateur record of a birdwatcher has been used by an ecologist, alongside with climate data and models to predict the number of wildfowl at ponds to be halved in the future due to increased droughts. Therefore, it is clear that the information in Q31 can be found in paragraph E.
- 32 Answer: D
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Q32: Records of a competition providing clues to climate change
studied records of a betting contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river
Note: Paragraph D depicts an unusual method carried out by a researcher, which is to draw data from a betting contest. Since the participants only guessed the time of a phenomenon, they can only provide clues instead of facts for what was happening. Hence, paragraph D matches with Q32 and is the answer for this question.
- 33 Answer: A
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Q33: A description of a very old record compiled by generations of amateur naturalists
Around two centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate...Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.
Note: Paragraph A mentions a record by Robert Marsham. He is a landowner which means he is not a professional naturalist. His record dates back to hundreds of years ago, matching with the keyword ‘‘very old record’’. It is also worth noting that his work was compiled for 211 years by his successive generations. Thus A is the answer for Q33.
Questions 34-36
Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 34-36 on your answer sheet.
Walter Coates’s records largely contain the information of 34
Robert Marsham is famous for recording the 35 of animals and plants on his land.
According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased 36
- 34 Answer: bee-keeping
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Q34: Walter Coates’s records largely contain the information of
The book's yellowing pages contain bee-keeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire.
Note: It’s not hard to detect the information about Walter Coates’s records in paragraph A. The text states clearly that the yellowing pages of Walter Coates’s notes are about bee-keeping, so bee-keeping is the answer for Q34.
- 35 Answer: life cycles
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Q35: Robert Marsham is famous for recording the […] of animals and plants on his land
Around two centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate
Note: The information in paragraph A provides the description of the record of Robert Marsham, which is about ‘‘the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate’’. Since ‘‘estate’’ is the synonym for ‘‘land’’, the answer for Q35 is life cycles
- 36 Answer: drought(s)
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Q36: According to some phenologists, global warming may cause the number of waterfowl in North America to drop significantly due to increased
the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. "The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming," she says.
Note: Paragraph E mentions the fact that amateur records combining climate models and data allow phenologists to make predictions about the future. One example of such predictions is the number of waterfowl in North America may be reduced dramatically. The reasons are mentioned in the previous sentence which are increased droughts. As ‘‘increased’’ matches with the keyword in the question, the answer for Q36 is droughts.
Questions 37-40
Choose the correct letter A, B, C or D.
Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.
Why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs?
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q37: Why do a lot of scientists discredit the data collected by amateurs? | "The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken," [...] deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear. |
Note: The answer can be find in paragraph F. There are many problems with amateur records listed including the lack of careful, systematic observation and involvement of subjective process. Consider the options: A. Lack of scientific method sounds like a right answer and you may think it is implied from the lack of systematic observation. However, nowhere in the paragraph states this clearly. B. Not being carefully done is apparently one reason but this alone is not enough. D. Wrong candidates are not mentioned in the paragraph. After eliminating, option C is left. All the issues of careless, unsystematic and subjective observation can affect the validity of amateur records, in other words they may be inaccurate and unreliable. Thus, C is the answer for Q37. | |
Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q38: Mark Schwartz used the example of leaves to illustrate that | We need to know pretty precisely what a person's been observing - if they just say 'I noted when the leaves came out', it might not be that useful." |
Note: Consider the options: B. This option is not correct since amateur’s work is not ‘’always’’ unsystematic. C and D. The options are true facts but they are not what the author wants to highlight. That leaves us with A. The paragraph points out some serious problems with amateur records, and at the end the example of leave observation is given which aims to illustrate how amateur records can’t be used due to high level of subjectivity. Thus the answer for Q38 is A. | |
How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used?
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q39: How do the scientists suggest amateur data should be used? | developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. |
Note: Consider the options: A. This option is too general which is unlikely to be the best answer. B. This option is wrong since amateurs already carry their careful observation, what they don’t have is careful quality control. C. This refers to what amateurs are already good at - they get the raw power of science. Therefore it is not the answer. Overall, it is suggested that amateur records can be used if there are statistical techniques to reduce the inaccuracy of data in their work. Hence D is the correct answer for Q39. | |
What’s the implication of phenology for ordinary people?
- A
- B
- C
- D
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Q40: What’s the implication of phenology for ordinary people? | Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. "Because the public understand these records, they accept them," |
Note: Consider the options: A and B. These are more about the implications for amateur phenologists rather than the general public. C. This may be the correct information but is not what the main message tries to convey. Overall, the main message of the last paragraph is to praise how letting amateur phenologists engage in professional records make these records more understandable for the wider public, and as the result, the public are more convinced and aware of the impacts of climate change. Thus, D is the answer for Q40. | |
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
William Gilbert and Magnetism
A - Pioneers of the early science
The 16th and 17th centuries saw two great pioneers of modern science: Galileo and Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent. Gilbert was the first modern scientist, also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman of learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, nothing more than that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less well known than he deserves.
B - Early years of Gilbert
Gilbert’s birth pre-dated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester County in the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to grammar school, and then studied medicine at St John’s College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he travelled in the continent and eventually settled down in London.
C - Professional and social recognition
He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed personal physician to the Queen (Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. Lie faithfully served her until her death. However, he didn’t outlive the Queen for long and died on November 30, 1603, only a few months after his appointment as personal physician to King James.
D - His change of focus
Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved (such as the transmutation of metal). He gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient, particularly about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime, Britain became a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no one understood why it worked. Did the Pole Star attract it, as Columbus once speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey, which ships would never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years, William Gilbert conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies, and the Great Magnet of the Earth.
E - His discovery about magnetism
Gilbert’s discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric”. Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralise its magnetism, one example being that sailors even believed the smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship’s compass. Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetised by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them. He named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. The magnetic poles can attract or repel, depending on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the relationship between magnetism and electricity, sadly he didn’t complete it. His research of static electricity using amber and jet only demonstrated that objects with electrical charges can work like magnets attracting small pieces of paper and stuff. It is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.
F - Questioning traditional astronomy
He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Copernican, he didn’t express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the centre of the universe or in orbit around the sun. However, he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth itself is like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth’s polarity. He even likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy. In his explanation, magnetism is the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned with the earth’s poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he also believed that the sun and other stars wobble just like the earth does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.
G - What was new about his scientific research method
His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude towards scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments were not in fashion. It was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our knowledge of magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named Gilbert in his honour. His approach of careful observation and experimentation rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others had laid the very foundation for modern science.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
The 2003 Heatwave
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.
Amateur Naturalists
From the results of an annual Alaskan betting contest to sightings of migratory birds, ecologists are using a wealth of unusual data to predict the impact of climate change.
A Tim Sparks slides a small leather-bound notebook out of an envelope. The book's yellowing pages contain bee-keeping notes made between 1941 and 1969 by the late Walter Coates of Kilworth, Leicestershire. He adds it to his growing pile of local journals, birdwatchers' lists and gardening diaries. "We're uncovering about one major new record each month," he says, "I still get surprised." Around two centuries before Coates, Robert Marsham, a landowner from Norfolk in the east of England, began recording the life cycles of plants and animals on his estate - when the first wood anemones flowered, the dates on which the oaks burst into leaf and the rooks began nesting. Successive Marshams continued compiling these notes for 211 years.
B Today, such records are being put to uses that their authors could not possibly have expected. These data sets, and others like them, are proving invaluable to ecologists interested in the timing of biological events, or phenology. By combining the records with climate data, researchers can reveal how, for example, changes in temperature affect the arrival of spring, allowing ecologists to make improved predictions about the impact of climate change. A small band of researchers is combing through hundreds of years of records taken by thousands of amateur naturalists. And more systematic projects have also started up, producing an overwhelming response. "The amount of interest is almost frightening," says Sparks, a climate researcher at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology in Monks Wood, Cambridgeshire.
C Sparks first became aware of the army of "closet phenologists”, as he describes them, when a retiring colleague gave him the Marsham records. He now spends much of his time following leads from one historical data set to another. As news of his quest spreads, people tip him off to other historical records, and more amateur phenologists come out of their closets. The British devotion to recording and collecting makes his job easier - one man from Kent sent him 30 years' worth of kitchen calendars, on which he had noted the date that his neighbour's magnolia tree flowered.
D Other researchers have unearthed data from equally odd sources. Rafe Sagarin, an ecologist at Stanford University in California, recently studied records of a betting contest in which participants attempt to guess the exact time at which a specially erected wooden tripod will fall through the surface of a thawing river. The competition has taken place annually on the Tenana River in Alaska since 1917, and analysis of the results showed that the thaw now arrives five days earlier than it did when the contest began.
E Overall, such records have helped to show that, compared with 20 years ago, a raft of natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere, from the opening of leaves to the return of birds from migration and the emergence of butterflies from hibernation. The data can also hint at how nature will change in the future. Together with models of climate change, amateurs' records could help guide conservation. Terry Root, an ecologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, has collected birdwatchers' counts of wildfowl taken between 1955 and 1996 on seasonal ponds in the American Midwest and combined them with climate data and models of future warming. Her analysis shows that the increased droughts that the models predict could halve the breeding populations at the ponds. "The number of waterfowl in North America will most probably drop significantly with global warming," she says.
F But not all professionals are happy to use amateur data. "A lot of scientists won't touch them, they say they're too full of problems," says Root. Because different observers can have different ideas of what constitutes, for example, an open snowdrop. "The biggest concern with ad hoc observations is how carefully and systematically they were taken," says Mark Schwartz of the University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, who studies the interactions between plants and climate. "We need to know pretty precisely what a person's been observing - if they just say 'I noted when the leaves came out', it might not be that useful." Measuring the onset of autumn can be particularly problematic because deciding when leaves change colour is a more subjective process than noting when they appear.
G Overall, most phenologists are positive about the contribution that amateurs can make. "They get at the raw power of science: careful observation of the natural world," says Sagarin. But the professionals also acknowledge the need for careful quality control. Root, for example, tries to gauge the quality of an amateur archive by interviewing its collector. "You always have to worry - things as trivial as vacations can affect measurement. I disregard a lot of records because they're not rigorous enough," she says. Others suggest that the right statistics can iron out some of the problems with amateur data. Together with colleagues at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, environmental scientist Arnold van Vliet is developing statistical techniques to account for the uncertainty in amateur phenological data. With the enthusiasm of amateur phenologists evident from past records, professional researchers are now trying to create standardised recording schemes for future efforts. They hope that well-designed studies will generate a volume of observations large enough to drown out the idiosyncrasies of individual recorders. The data are cheap to collect, and can provide breadth in space, time and range of species. "It's very difficult to collect data on a large geographical scale without enlisting an army of observers," says Root.
H Phenology also helps to drive home messages about climate change. "Because the public understand these records, they accept them," says Sparks.
It can also illustrate potentially unpleasant consequences, he adds, such as the finding that more rat infestations are reported to local councils in warmer years. And getting people involved is great for public relations. "People are thrilled to think that the data they've been collecting as a hobby can be used for something scientific - it empowers them," says Root.
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