Question 11:

• Key words are: “Canadian Clean Air Day' and “held on”

• The key word before gap 11 is “held on”, candidates, therefore, can predict that a date is needed.

• In the recording, it said :” Canadian Clean Air Day - which is on June 6th .” So June 6th is the answer.

• 6 June /June 6/ 6th June / June 6th are all acceptable.

Question 12:

• Key words are: “deaths”, “air pollution” “every year in Canada”

• The key word after gap 12 is “deaths”, candidates, therefore, can predict that a figure is needed.

• In the recording, it said :” How many Canadians do you think die annually because of air pollution? 2000? 3000? Well, the rate is a staggering 5000  .” So 5000  is the answer.

• Some candidates might miss the detail of 5,000 and fill 2000 or 3000 instead.

Question 13:

• Key words are: “sector”, “most responsible” and “smog-producing pollutants”

• From the question, we could predict a name of a sector/ a noun is needed.

• In the recording, it started with :”what causes air pollution” and gave the answer : ”the transportation sector ... It’s also the biggest source of that thick, polluted air tram traffic fumes that we call smog.”

Question 14:

• Key words are: “even”, “scientist”, “harmful” ( Scientists now know that even low levels of pollutants can be harmful.)

• The key word aftergap 14 is “of pollutants”, candidates, therefore, can predict that a degree/ an amount is needed. And due to the word “even”, candidates can be suggested that this amount may small/low.

• In the recording, it said: “ researchers have only recently realised that all you need are Q14 low levels of air pollution to seriously damage your health, so we're all at risk.”

• Candidates might take :” tiny particles and ground-level “ as an answer, due to the prediction. However, it is grammatically not suited.

The second part of section 2 is talking about Reducing Air Pollution, there are 2 main ideas, questions 15, 16, 17 are related to Individual action, while questions 18, 19, 20 are related to Government action.

Question 15:

• Key words is: “...challenge”

• From the word “challenge” behind the gap, we can predict that this is a name of a campaign.

• In the recording, it said “So the easiest action you can take on Clean Air Day is to accept what we call the ‘ Commuter Challenge'

• Candidates due to their prediction, try to track a name of a campaign and might take Clean Air Day as an answer. However, this is impossible, for the limitation of 2 words only. Second, it does not have the word ‘Challenge

Question 16:

• Base on the actions listed out, we can predict that gap 16 must be an activity or a verb.

• Candidates can prepare for the appearance of Answer 16 by follow the order of activities listed. After the Commuter Challenge,(1) “walk, cycle or car-pool to work” in the answer sheet are mentioned as “get to work on foot or by cycling...try (2)'car pooling' and share the drive” in the recording. Similarly, (3)“use public transit” is mentioned afterward. Candidates shall stay alert that the next activity is the answer.

• Following the above activities, it at the end mention :”there's more you can do to improve air quality. For example, you can plant trees .

Question 17:

• Key words is: “domestic equipment”

• From the word ““domestic equipment” after the gap, we can predict that a verb is needed

• In the recording it said: “you can make a big difference if you upgrade the appliances you use in your home.”

The second part of section 2 is talking about Reducing Air Pollution, there are 2 main ideas, questions 15, 16, 17 are related to Individual action, while questions 18, 19, 20 are related to Government action.

Question 18:

• Key words is “emission reduction” and “region”

• From the word ““region” before the gap and the phrase “US and Canada”we can predict that a noun is needed, especially the region between two territories, from this, some can make a guess that a word like boundary or border may appear.

• In the recording it said: “Last year, Canada and the United States agreed to reduce emissions on both sides of the Q18 border between the two countries and they plan to reach their targets in the next few years.”

Question 19:

• Key words is “gasoline & diesel” ( as in “less sulphur in gasoline & diesel”)

• From the question, candidates can make a prediction that noun is needed, and this may be fuel as there are examples such as “gasoline & diesel”

• In the recording it said: “The government's also taking action to get cleaner fuels , it's already reduced the sulphur contained in gasoline, and it hopes to reach the reduction target for sulphur in diesel

• Note: candidates may lose point if they miss the plural form “Fuels” by just entering “clean(er) fuel”. The article “a” does not appear before the gap, therefore answer should be in plural form or uncountable noun. However, fuel, when meaning a particular kind of fuel, is a countable noun. So, in this case it must be filled “fuels

Question 20:

• Key words are “reduction of pollutants” and “from...power plants”

• From the word “from” before the gap, and because there is no particle “a”, the gap must be noun in plural form and it should be something that parallel to “power plants”

• In the recording it said: “ the federal government's also working to reduce emissions from power plants and factories”

Question 21:

• Key word is “area”

• From the question, candidates can make a prediction that the gap 21 is a part of Kenya or a direction

• In the recording it said: “we were right up in the Q21 north-west of the country”

Question 22:

• Key word is “bring”

• From the question, the answer should be an object/noun which can be brought and related to “mosquito”

• In the recording it said: ”but you have a mosquito net. They don't provide spray though so remember to take plenty with you- you'll need it “

• Some candidates will focus on the word “mosquito” and fill the word behind it “net” in the gap if they do not listen carefully. However, it is said that the place has net, but there is no spray so they should bring it with them. Same goes with “hurricane lamps” , candidates might looking for an object, if they miss “spray” ( it is quite hard to get this answer as it is far from from the keyword mosquito) , but the speaker said this will also be provided.

Question 23:

• Key words is “study areas”

• From the question, the answer should be (a) place, followed by “lecture room, outdoor areas”

• In the recording it said: ”What about places to study? Dr Rowe said there was a Q23 library ... Jack: Yes. but it’s quite small. There's a lecture room as well - but most of us worked out in the open air, there are plenty of places outside.”

Question 24:

• Key words are “environment” and “semi-arid plains”

• there is no particle “a”, the gap must be noun in plural form and it should be something that parallel to “semi-arid plains”

• In the recording it said: “two distinct ecological zones the mountains , where the people are mainly agriculturalists, and the semi-arid plains lower down”

Question 25:

• Key words are “(environment and culture)”

• From the answer sheet, candidates shall gather that this activity should appear after “interviews (with interpreters)”, and before “morphological mapping.” so they could stay alert to catch the answer.

• In the recording it said: “Did you get die chance to do interviews? Jack: Yes though we had to use local interpreters. But that was OK. Then we did field observation , of course, looking at environmental and cultural conditions, and morphological mapping.

Question 26:

• Key words are “project”, “all connected with” and “issues”

• From the word “issues” after the gap, candidate can predict that the answer should be an a noun as an adjective, because this is kind of issues.

• In the recording, the woman asked :”What about specific projects?”, from this candidates can aware that the answer is ahead. The man said: “We could pretty well do what we wanted, although they all had to relate to issues concerned with development in some way.”

Question 27:

• Key words are “supply and quality issues” and “Jack’s project”

• From the question, the word after the gap is supply and quality issues so it should be a noun

• In the recording Jack said: “My group actually looked at issues relating to water , things like sources such as rivers and wells, and quality and so on”

Question 28 and 29 talks about Expeditions

Question 28:

• Key word is “Sigor”

• From the clue “Sigor”, candidates can gather that the gap is a place/ a noun. The information shall appear before information about “Wei Wei valley”

• In the recording Jack said: “well, we had some good trips out as part of the course. We went to a Q28 market town a place called Sigor - that was to study distribution and to look at agricultural production we went to the Wei Wei valley”

Question 29:

• Key words “to a…”

• From the places listed, candidates shall gather that this also a place

• After mentioned Wei Wei valley, the conversation would go to the next place which candidates need to fill the gap. In the recording, In the recording, it said: “And what about animals? Did you have a chance to go to a national park ?” then Jack Said yes :”  Sure, we did a top on the last day”

• Some candidates might miss “national park “ because they kept their focus on the man, as he was the one who provide information. They may take “Nairobi” or “Field Centre” as an answer. But keep in mind that, first “Nairobi airport” is not a part of the Expeditions . Second, the man mentioned “Field Centre” as if he would love to visit that place rather than “national park “.

Question 30:

• Key word is “provided input”

• From the question, the gap should be a noun

• The question talking about the “Evaluation” of this field trip. Candidates should also catch other two evaluations as well, not only looking for the term ““provided input” and its synonym such as give, offer data, information, in order to keep track of the conversation.

• In the recording, it listed out the evaluation as the order in the answer sheet :”  In terms of (1)logistics it was very well run, but it was more than that I mean, it's not the sort of place I‘d ever have got to on my own, and it was a real eye-opener - it got me really interested in development issues and (2)  the way other people live. I did find it frustrating at the time that we couldn't get as far as we wanted on the project, but actually I'm going to (3) follow it up in my dissertation , so it's given me some ideas and data for that as well.

(Evaluation:

• logistics - well run

• gave insight into lives of others

• provided input for his dissertation )