You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2.

Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-H from the list of headings below..

Write the correct number i-xii, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.

Example Paragraph A Answer iii

15 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph B

16 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph C

17 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph D

18 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph E

19 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph F

20 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph G

21 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixxxixii Paragraph H

• 15 Answer: xi
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  Q15. Paragraph B	B. Make sure that you tackle the most significant tasks first, leaving the easier or less urgent areas of your work until later.
  The passage worte that you have to do the most significant task first, and then do the less important things later. That means you are prioritising your work *prioritise: to put several things, problems etc in order of importance, so that you can deal with the most important ones first So the answer definitely is xi. Prioritise your work

• 16 Answer: iv
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  Q16. Paragraph C iv. Create a working space	C On a physical level, make sure that you have an area or space for studying.
  "Working space" has the same meaning as "Space for studying" This is kind of an easy question as the main idea of this paragraph locates in the very first sentence. However, you have to read the whole passage to ensure that there is no opposite opinion discussed in this paragraph. So the answer definitely is iv. Create a working space

• 17 Answer: v
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  Q17. Paragraph D v. Sit comfortably	D Make sure that all the physical equipment that you use, such as a desk, chair etc. is at a good height for you. If you use a personal computer, there are plenty of guidelines available from the government on posture, angles, lighting and the like. Consult these and avoid the typical student aches and pains.
  There are no synonyms here in this paragraph. So you have to think a little bit profoundly The paragraph mentions that physical equipment (desk, chair) has to be in proper use in order to avoid aches and pains. Besides, it also mentions “posture” here which means how you sit. The righter position you sit, the more aches and pains you could avoid. So the answer definitely is v. Sit comfortably

• 18 Answer: ix
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  Q18. Paragraph E ix. Catalogue references	E If you are doing a long essay or research paper which involves the use of library books or other articles, it helps to keep details of the titles and authors on small cards in a card box. It is also a good idea to log these alphabetically so that you can find them easily - rather like keeping telephone numbers. It's all too easy to read something and then forget where it came from.
  *catalogue: a complete list of things that you can look at, buy, or use, for example in a library or at an art show Catalogue is a list that you put only the heading or the title in for easily consulting, that’s exactly what is describing in the passage: “helps to keep details of the titles and authors on small cards in a card box”. So the answer definitely is ix. Catalogue references

• 19 Answer: viii
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  Q19. Paragraph F viii. Photocopy important material	F Make use of equipment that is available to you. If you find a useful article in the library, it is best to make a copy of the relevant pages before you leave. Then, when you get back to your study, you can mark the article and make any comments that you have in the margin.
  “Photocopy” has similar meaning as “make a copy” The answer clearly locates in the second sentence of paragraph F. This paragraph gives you an advice to make use of available equipment through photocopying those materials that you find suitable for you. So the answer definitely is viii. Photocopy important material

• 20 Answer: ii
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  Q20. Paragraph G ii. Take a break	G If you are working on a topic your teacher has set, but finding it hard to concentrate, it may be that you actually need to take your mind right off it for a period of time. 'Airing the mind' can work wonders sometimes. After a period away from the task, having not thought about it at all, you may return to it refreshed and full of ideas.
  Take a break = take your mind off This question has nothing more than synonyms as “take your mind off” is an idiom. *to take your mind off ~ to stop you thinking about something unpleasant If you have problems with your work, you could no longher concentrate on it anymore, it is suggested that you should take a break for a short period of time and then return to your work with “full of ideas”. So the answer definitely is ii. Take a break

• 21 Answer: vii
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  Q21. Paragraph H vii. Talk about your work	H Similarly, it may help to discuss a topic with other people, especially if you feel that you have insufficient ideas, or too many disorganised ideas. Bring your topic up in conversations at meal times or with other students and see what they have to say. You don't want to copy their ideas but listening to what they think about something may well help you develop or refine your own thoughts.
  Bring your topic up in a conversation with other students = discuss a topic with other people = talk about your work. The idea for this paragraph is very clear as it is mentioned many times by different sentences I have listed above. This paragraph gives an advice on sharing your work with others to seeking for new ideas in case you feel that “you have insufficient ideas or too many disorganised ideas” So the answer definitely is vii. Talk about your work

Look at the twelve descriptions of courses, A-L, on Reading Passage 2.

For which description are the following statements true?

Write the correct letter, A-L, in boxes 22-27 on your answer sheet.

22 ABCDEFGHIJKL This course would be useful for dealing with letters of complaint.

23 ABCDEFGHIJKL This course will help you use the libraries.

24 ABCDEFGHIJKL This course will improve your performance at interviews.

25 ABCDEFGHIJKL This course will help you with acknowledging your sources.

26 ABCDEFGHIJKL This course will help you improve your reading skills.

27 ABCDEFGHIJKL This course will help you improve your grammar.

• 22 Answer: K
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  Q22.This course would be useful for dealing with letters of complaint.	K. The Customer is Always Right An interesting angle - how do you reply to letters from customers? What tone is best and when? How do you achieve results? Wednesday 11-1 Cella Rice
  This is the only paragraph that mentions letter. Read the passage quickly, you will find out a clear sentence that introduce how to reply to customer: “how do you reply to letters from customers” So the answer definitely is paragraph K

• 23 Answer: C
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  Q23.This course will help you use the libraries.	C. Source Material How do you gather information for a project or paper? A practical course which looks at sources of information and how to use cataloguing systems. Monday 10-11 Kiran Singh
  This question is kind of a hard one as there are no synonyms in this paragraph. All you have to do is to read the passage carefully to outline the main idea. Usually, source material such as newspapers, reference books served in a library. If you want to look for useful and related information for your paper, you’d better do it in a library. So, with a multitude of book types available, how could you find your book? The answer locates in this sentence: “A practical course which looks at sources of information and how to use cataloguing systems. Monday 10-11” So the answer definitely is paragraph C

• 24 Answer: I
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  Q24.This course will improve your performance at interviews.	The Job for Me Finding it, applying for it and getting it. Where can it all go wrong? Written and oral course with simulation exercises using authentic newspaper advertisements. Friday 10-11.30 Fabbeh AI-Hussein
  This course offers you a chance to practice your writting and speaking skills by using authentic newspaper advertisements, which is carefully written in the correct language. So it could help you to utilize your vocabulary as well as your reflexible in using them. So the answer definitely is paragraph I

• 25 Answer: H
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  Q25.This course will help you with acknowledging your sources.	H. Quote Me if You Must The do's and don'ts of using source material. How to incorporate it into your own work in an acceptable way. How not to plagiarise other people's articles, books etc. Tuesday 9-10.30 Dr Johnson
  Acknowledge ~ Incorporate According to the passage, this course will help you use your knowledge properly. How to apply it into your work effectively. And how to avoid copying (plagiarise) others’ works *Acknowledge: if people acknowledge something, they recognize how good or important it is So the answer definitely is paragraph H

• 26 Answer: G
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  Q26.This course will help you improve your reading skills.	G. Caught for Speeding Open to all students. Simple eye exercises to help you skim and scan. How to be selective on the page. Using headings, topic sentences and paragraphs for easy access. Wednesday 11-1 Mrs Owen
  Once again, there are no synonyms here, so you have to read the passage carefully to analyze the idea. Skim and scan is a technique applied in reading skills. So this course aims to improve your speed in reading by show you the way to apply those techniques such as “skim and scan”, “Using headings, topic sentences and paragraphs”. So the answer definitely is paragraph H

• 27 Answer: L
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  Q27.This course will help you improve your grammar.	L. Tense about Tenses For those who worry about their individual words - a look at tenses and other aspects of the language through poetry and song. Good voice helps but not essential! Saturday 10-12 Steve Ansell
  Tense is a category belongs to grammar. The heading of this passage mentions only tense. However, if you take a quick look at the passage, there are many complicated problem that English learners have to face with: “their individual words” So the answer definitely is paragraph L

Reading Passage 3 has eleven paragraphs, A-K.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet.

28 ABCDEFGHIJK similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight

29 ABCDEFGHIJK the identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was

30 ABCDEFGHIJK conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly

31 ABCDEFGHIJK the cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet

32 ABCDEFGHIJK the fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world

33 ABCDEFGHIJK the first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly

34 ABCDEFGHIJK concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air

• 28 Answer: J
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  Q28.Similarities between pterosaurs and mechanical flight	J. As we walked beneath the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes, the most efficient kind of aeroplanes. Both have long slender wings designed to fly with minimum power. During flight, sailplane pilots routinely search for places where heat rises from sun-baked earth, creating hot air currents called thermals. Undoubtedly, Quetzalcoatlus would have used thermals as well, lazily circling over the river deltas that once covered parts of Texas.
  Phrases which have the same meanings: Pterosaurs ~ Quetzalcoatlus model Mechanical flight ~ sailplanes According to the passage J, in the very first passage, the writer has mentioned the similarity of both pterosaurs and mechanical flight in this sentence: “the Quetzalcoatlus model in Santa Monica, MacCready pointed out its similarity to sailplanes” So the answer definitely is paragraph J

• 29 Answer: D
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  Q29.The identification of the type of creature a pterosaur actually was	D. Cosimo Alessandro Collini, the first natural historian to study the fossil and describe it, was unable to classify it. It was not until 1791 that the great French anatomist Georges Cuvier deduced that the animal was in fact a flying reptile, whose fourth finger supported a wing. He named the fossil Pterodactylus, combining the Greek words for wing and finger. A few decades later, the name pterosaur, or winged reptile, was adopted to describe the growing list of similar fossiIs.
  This is a hard question as there are no synonyms at all. Therefore, we have to analyze it carefully to point out the most suitable answer. According to paragraph D, in the past, anatomists couldn’t identify the pterosaur. However, not until 1971, Georges Cuvier finally figured out the classification of this pterosaur, which is “in fact a flying reptile”. *deduce: to use the knowledge and information you have in order to understand something or form an opinion about it So the answer definitely is paragraph D

• 30 Answer: F
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  Q30.Conflicting theories about how pterosaurs came to fly	F. But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement. Most researchers conclude that pterosaurs are descended from a small tree-dwelling reptile that spent its life jumping between branches.
  Phrases which have the same meanings: Conflicting ~ Disagreement Came to fly ~ learnt to fly The answer of this question locates right in the very first sentence of paragraph F. The matter of how pterosaur can fly is still a mystery as written in this sentence: “But how pterosaurs learnt to fly remains a matter for disagreement.” *conflict: a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc So the answer definitely is paragraph F

• 31 Answer: K
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  Q31. The cause of widespread destruction of animal life on our planet	K. The triumphant reign of pterosaurs ended with this giant flier. At the end of the Cretaceous period 65 million years ago, a meteorite or comet slammed into the Earth. That calamity - and other events- wiped out roughly three quarters of all species, including all pterosaurs and dinosaurs.
  Phrases which have the same meanings: Destruction ~ wipe out Widespread ~ three quarters Animal life ~ All species Because of the calamity and other events that happened nearly 65 milion years ago, a majority of species’ life were destructed So the answer definitely is paragraph K

• 32 Answer: A
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  Q32. The fact that pterosaurs once existed all over the world	A. Pterosaurs stand out as one of nature's great success stories. They first appeared during the Triassic period, 215 million years ago, and thrived for 150 million years before becoming extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period.Uncontested in the air, pterosaurs colonised all continents and evolved into a vast array of shapes and sizes
  Phrases which have the same meanings: Existed ~ colonised All over the world ~ all continents I have picked out the two synonyms in paragraph A for you to consider. By doing that, it will help you figure out the correct answer quickly. So the answer definitely is paragraph A

• 33 Answer: E
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  Q33. The first clear proof that pterosaurs could fly	E. In 1873, a remarkable pterosaur specimen came to light that confirmed Cuvier's deduction. Unlike earlier fossils, this new find near the Bavarian town of Solnhofen contained delicate wing impressions, establishing definitely that the extinct reptile was capable of flight. Even though over a thousand pterosaur specimens are known today, such wing impressions remain rare. Normally only bones survive the fossilisation process.
  Phrases which have the same meanings: First clear proof ~ new find Fly (v) ~ flight (n) New evidence that proves Pterosaurs could fly was found in 1873. This new discovery was considered as the first proof in that tiime. So the answer definitely is paragraph E

• 34 Answer: G
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  Q34. Concrete evidence that pterosaurs hunted their food from the air	G. 'It's very difficult to say how pterosaurs changed over time because the earliest fossils we have are of pterosaurs whose fourth finger has already transformed into a wing,' says Fabio dalla Vecchia, an Italian researcher. In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles.
  Phrases which have the same meanings: Hunt ~ searching Their food from the air ~ flying reptiles Only in this paragraph, “food from the air” was only mentioned as “flying reptiles”. However, in order to make you fully understand the whole sentence, i will analyze the sentence that contains the answer: “In fact, the earliest known pterosaurs came from the mountains of northern Italy, where he has spent years searching for flying reptiles.”  The word “he” here is to mention the subject standing right in front of the where clause, which is “Pterosaurs” So the answer definitely is paragraph G