Reading Passage 2 has SIX paragraphs, A-F.

Choose the correct heading, A-F, from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-ix. 

14 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph A

15 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph B

16 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph C

17 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph D

18 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph E

19 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiix Paragraph F

• 14 Answer: iii
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  Q14: Paragraph A Answer: iii - The duties involved in various occupations	In her pioneering survey, Sources of London English, Laura Wright has listed the variety of medieval workers who took their livings from the river Thames. The baillies of Queenhithe and Billingsgate acted as customs officers. There were conservators, who were responsible for maintaining the embankments and the weirs, and there were the garthmen who worked in the fish garths (enclosures). Then there were galleymen and lightermen and shoutmen, called after the names of their boats, and there were hookers who were named after the manner in which they caught their fish. The searcher patrolled the Thames in search of illegal fish weirs, and the tideman worked on its banks and foreshores whenever the tide permitted him to do so.
  Note:Paragraph A tells us about the variety of medieval workers in river Thames. The various occupations mentioned in the paragraph includes: ballies, custom officers, conservators, garthmen, galleymen, lightermen, shoutmen, searcher, tideman. Therefore, heading iii is the answer.

• 15 Answer: vi
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  Q15: Paragraph B Answer: vi - Transporting heavy loads manually	All of these occupations persisted for many centuries, as did those jobs that depended upon the trade of the river. Yet, it was not easy work for any of the workers. They carried most goods upon their backs, since the rough surfaces of the quays and nearby streets were not suitable for wagons or large carts; the merchandise characteristically arrived in barrels which could be rolled from the ship along each quay. If the burden was too great to be carried by a single man, then the goods were slung on poles resting on the shoulders of two men. It was a slow and expensive method of business.
  Note: Paragraph B describes how the work of carrying goods was done by workers. ‘They carried goods upon their backs’ means they transported goods ‘manually’. ‘The burden’ is synonym of ‘heavy loads’. All things considered, heading vi is the answer.

• 16 Answer: ix
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  Q16: Paragraph C Answer: ix - The changing status of riverside occupations	However, up to the eighteenth century, river work was seen in a generally favourable light. For Langland, writing in the fourteenth century, the labourers working on river merchandise were relatively prosperous. And the porters of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were, if anything, aristocrats of labour, enjoying high status. However, in the years from the late eighteenth to the early nineteenth century, there was a marked change in attitude. This was in part because the working river was within the region of the East End of London, which in this period acquired an unenviable reputation. By now, dockside labour was considered to be the most disreputable, and certainly the least desirable form of work.
  Note: There are some key words in the paragraph that helps matching the heading. It is stated that ‘the laborers working on river merchandise were relatively prosperous’, ‘the porters were enjoying high status’. ‘Laborers’ and ‘porters’ are ‘occupations’. Before eighteenth centuries, these occupations enjoy ‘high status’. After eighteenth century, working river ‘acquired an unenviable reputation’; dockside labor was considered to be the most disreputable, and certainly the least desirable form of work’, which indicates the changes from high status to low status. Hence, heading ix is the answer.

• 17 Answer: iv
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  Q17: Paragraph D Answer: iv - An unprecedented population density	It could be said that the first industrial community in England grew up around the Thames. With the host of river workers themselves, as well as the vast assembly of ancillary trades such as tavern-keepers and laundresses, food-sellers and street-hawkers, shopkeepers and marine store dealers - there was a workforce of many thousands congregated in a relatively small area. There were more varieties of business to be observed by the riverside than, in any other part of the city. As a result, with the possible exception of the area known as Seven Dials, the East End was also the most intensively inhabited region of London.
  Note: We can choose the heading based on the main idea and some key sentences in the paragraph. ‘There was a workforce of many thousands congregated in a relatively small area’ means there was a dense population in the area. In the last sentence, “the East End was also the most intensively inhabited region of London” also indicates ‘unprecedented population density’. All in all, heading iv is the answer.

• 18 Answer: ii
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  Q18: Paragraph E Answer: ii - The creation of an exclusive identity	It was a world apart, with its own language and its own laws. From the sailors in the opium dens of Limehouse to the smugglers on the malarial flats of the estuary, the workers of the river were not part of any civilised society. The alien world of the river had entered them. That alienation was also expressed in the slang of the docks, which essentially amounted to backslang, or the reversal of ordinary words. This backslang also helped in the formulation of Cockney rhyming slang*, so that the vocabulary of Londoners was directly' affected by the life of the Thames.
  Note: This paragraph talks about the life in river Thames. ‘A world apart, with its own language and its own laws’; ‘not part of any civilised society’ are some key phrases that indicate ‘exclusive identity’. The rest part of the paragraph talks about the ‘creation’ of language. All things considered, heading ii is the answer.

• 19 Answer: vii
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  Q19: Paragraph F Answer: vii - Temporary work for large numbers of people	The reports in the nineteenth-century press reveal a heterogeneous world of dock labour, in which the crowds of casuals waiting for work at the dock gates at 7.45 a.m. include penniless refugees, bankrupts, old soldiers, broken-down gentlemen, discharged servants, and ex-convicts. There were some 400-500 permanent workers who earned a regular wage and who were considered to be the patricians of dockside labour. However, there were some 2,500 casual workers who were hired by the shift. The work for which they competed fiercely had become ever more unpleasant. Steam power could not be used for the cranes, for example, because of the danger of fire. So the cranes were powered by treadmills. Six to eight men entered a wooden cylinder and, laying hold of ropes, would tread the wheel round. They could lift nearly 20 tonnes to an average height of 27 feet (8.2 metres), forty times in an hour. This was part of the life of the river unknown to those who were intent upon its more picturesque aspects.
  Note: This paragraph talks about the dock labor. Thanks to the main idea and some key phrase ‘hired by the shift’, ‘the crowds of casuals waiting for work’, ‘2,500 casual workers’, we can conclude that the nature of work in dock was ‘temporary’ and for ‘large number of people’. Hence, the answer is heading vii.

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3?

Write

27 YESNONOT GIVEN    Video game use amongst preschool children is higher in the US than in other countries.

28 YESNONOT GIVEN    The proportion of preschool children using video games is likely to rise.

29 YESNONOT GIVEN    Parents in the US who own gaming equipment generally allow their children to play with it.

30 YESNONOT GIVEN    The type of research which manufacturers usually do is aimed at improving game design.

31 YESNONOT GIVEN    Both old and young games consumers require research which is specifically targeted

• 27 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q27: Video game use amongst preschool children is higher in the US than in other countries.	In 2006, Rideout and Hamel reported that as many as 29 percent of preschool children (children between two and six years old) in the United States had played console video games, and 18 percent had played hand-held ones.
  Note: The text mentions the percentage of preschool children in the US playing video game, but there is no comparison between the US and other countries. Therefore, the answer is NOTIVENOT GIVEN.

• 28 Answer: YES
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  Q28: The proportion of preschool children using video games is likely to rise.	Given young children’s insatiable eagerness to learn, coupled with the fact that they are clearly surrounded by these media, we predict that preschoolers will both continue and increasingly begin to adopt video games for personal enjoyment.
  Note: We should notice some key words: ‘preschoolers’ means ‘preschool children’. ‘Adopt video games for personal enjoyment’ is similar to ‘use video games’. The text mentions a prediction that preschoolers will continue and increasingly adopt video games for personal enjoyment. This information is consistent with the given statement. Therefore, the answer is YES.

• 29 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q29: Parents in the US who own gaming equipment generally allow their children to play with it.

  Note: There is no information in the text referring to this. Hence, the answer is NOT GIVEN.

• 30 Answer: NO
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  Q30: The type of research which manufacturers usually do is aimed at improving game design.	Research in the video game market is typically done at two stages: some time close to the end of the product cycle, in order to get feedback from consumers, so that a marketing strategy can be developed; and at the very end of the product cycle to ‘fix bugs’ in the game.
  Note: We should notice the synonym: ‘in order to’ and ‘to’ have the same meaning as ‘is aimed at’. It is mentioned in the text that the purpose of research in video game is to ‘get feedback from consumers’ and to ‘fix bugs in the game’. This information contradicts with the given statement ‘improving game design’. Thus, the answer is NO.

• 31 Answer: YES
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  Q31: Both old and young games consumers require research which is specifically targeted.	While both of those types of research are important, and may be appropriate for dealing with adult consumers, neither of them aids in designing better games, especially when it comes to designing for an audience that may have particular needs, such as preschoolers or senior citizens. Instead, exploratory and formative research has to be undertaken in order to truly understand those audiences, their abilities, their perspective, and their needs.
  Note: We should notice that ‘those audiences’ in the last sentence of paragraph 2 refers to preschoolers and senior citizens, which are mentioned in the previous sentence. ‘Preschoolers and senior citizens’ is this case is equivalent to ‘old and young games consumers’. Therefore, the answer is YES.

Complete the summary using the list of words/phrases, A-l, below. 

• 32 Answer: C
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  Q32: Preschool children find many electronic games difficult, because neither their motor skills nor their […] are sufficiently developed.	In addition to their still developing motor skills (which make manipulating a controller with small buttons difficult), many of the major stumbling blocks are cognitive.
  Note: We need a noun to fill in the blank. The two ‘still developing’ skills which are the ‘major stumbling blocks’ for children mentioned in the text are motor skills and cognitive skills. This piece of information can be understood by knowing how words are paraphrased. We should notice that ‘still developing’ are similar to not ‘sufficiently developed’; ‘major stumbling blocks’ is equivalent to obstacle (which makes children find many electronic games difficult). The ‘motor skills’ is already mentioned in the question; therefore, C - COGNITIVE SKILLS is the answer.

• 33 Answer: E
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  Q33: Certain types of control are hard for these children to manipulate, for example, […] can be more effective than styluses.	Firstly, as they have trouble with fine motor skills and their hand-eye coordination is still in development, they are less exact with their stylus movements; and secondly, their fingers are so small that they mimic the stylus very effectively, and therefore by using their fingers they can often be more accurate in their game interactions.
  Note: The answer for this question can be found in the last sentence of the passage. It is mentioned that children ‘are less exactly with their stylus movements’ and ‘by using their fingers they can often be more accurate’. Therefore, we can conclude that fingers can be more effective than styluses, and E - FINGERS is the answer.

• 34 Answer: F
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  Q34: Also, although they already have the ability to relate […] to real-world objects,	Though preschoolers are learning to think symbolically, and understand that pictures can stand for real-life objects, the vast majority are still unable to read and write.
  Note: It is referred in the text that preschoolers understand that ‘pictures can stand for real-life objects’, which is similar to they can ‘relate pictures to real-world objects’. Hence, the answer is F - PICTURES.

• 35 Answer: A
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  Q35: preschool children are largely unable to understand the connection between their own […] and the movements they can see on the screen.	Mapping is yet another obstacle since preschoolers may be unable to understand that there is a direct link between how the controller is used and the activities that appear before them on screen.
  Note: We should notice that ‘a direct link between’ has the same meaning as ‘the connection between’. ‘How the controller is used and the activities that appear them on the screen’ is similar to ‘their own action and the movements they can see on the screen’. Thus, A - ACTION is the answer.

• 36 Answer: I
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  Q36: Finally, very few preschool children can understand  Answer: I – written menus	Thus, using text-based menu selections is not viable.
  Note: We should notice that ‘text-based menu’ is equivalent to ‘written menus’. ‘Not viable’ means not possible.  ‘Very few preschool children can understand written menus’ also means ‘using text-based menu selections is not viable’. Therefore, the answer is I.