The text on the next page has seven sections, A-G.

Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 15-21 on your answer sheet.

15 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section A

16 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section B

17 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section C

18 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section D

19 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section E

20 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section F

21 iiiiiiivvviviiviiiixx Section G

• 15 Answer: viii
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  Keywords in Questions	Similar words in Passage
  Tips: For heading-matching questions, test takers generally do it first whenever they see once, or leave it to later, after finishing all of the specific questions as the clues to these questions are often the clues to answer the heading-matching questions. If you choose to do these heading-matchings first, remember to: Read each paragraph. We need to work with each paragraph, not with each heading. As each section is relatively short (3-4 sentences), drop SKIMMING and SCANNING and just read it straight. When SKIMMING, you need to read at least 3 sentences already, so read just one more sentence (or none) is not that much different.
  Q15: Section A	We would do far better to take a proactive approach, actively seeking out potential problems and deciding on which are worth tackling in the first place and taking appropriate action.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “viii Find the right problem to solve”.The evidence lies in the last sentence of paragraph A. Where the author prompts us to decide the solving-worthiness of the problems in advance, which is essentially the idea of the heading. * You may be tempted to choose alternative headings, especially “iii Some problems are easier to solve”. However, the author here says that we need to decide the solving-worthiness of problems, not their hardness.

• 16 Answer: i
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  Q16: Section B	Having already decided upon what problems are worthwhile solving, at this stage, you need to establish what exactly you are trying to solve.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “i Defining the problem”. The evidence lies in the last sentence of the paragraph. The author prompts readers to figure out what they want to solve, which is essentially find the problem they are are facing; “establish” here has the same meaning as “defining”

• 17 Answer: vii
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  Q17: Section C	You need to break down the complexity of the problem, stripping away the superficial and getting to the causes/issues.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “vii Analyse the problem”. The main keyword here is “analyse”. All of the blued details in the sentence are essentially the steps of analysing a problem. Also note that you need to read the paragraph for the evidence as it does not lie in the beginning or the ending.

• 18 Answer: ii
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  Q18: Section D	There are always more than one ways to solve a problem, so take time to create and work upon plenty of creative possibilities to the problem.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “ii Explore different routes”. The evidence lies in the first sentence of the section. “Routes” and “possibilities” here all refer to potential solutions to the problems.

• 19 Answer: ix
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  Q19: Section E	Next you need to make choices. You need to weigh up the relative merits and risks of the different options you generated in the previous step and decide which to go for. This is more of a filtering stage where you weed out the solutions that are less likely to work from the more plausible options.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “ix Select the best solution”. The keyword here is “select”. All of the related details in the paragraph “make choices”, “decide which to go for” are just “select”. The paragraph also says that we should remove the less likely solutions from the better ones, which is roughly the idea of selecting the best solution.

• 20 Answer: iv
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  Q20: Section F	You need to carry the action through in an effective way if you are to deliver the outcomes essential to solving the problem you originally defined.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “iv Implement your decision”. The keyword here is “implement”, which corresponds to “carry the action through in an effective way”.

• 21 Answer: v
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  Q21: Section G	Before you give yourself a well-deserved pat on the back though, it is worth taking time out to reflect on what you have achieved so far and whether you in fact arrived at the anticipated outcome you had hoped for. Any perceived failings on your part in implementing the steps can then be addressed, allowing you to take more effective action in problem-solving situations in the future.
  Note: The appropriate heading here is “v Evaluate and learn”. The evidence is scattered in two sentences. In the first sentence, the main keyword is “reflect”. When you reflect on your decision and achievement, it is evaluation. In the next sentence, you try to improve from the part that you have failed in, which is the definition of “learn”.

Look at the following descriptions and the list of terms in the box below.

Match each description with the correct term, A-E.

Write the appropriate letter, A-E, in boxes 24-28 on your answer sheet.

List of Descriptions

24 ABCDE The child engages in active play but may fail to acknowledge other children.

25 ABCDE No attempt is made by the child to engage in active play.

26 ABCDE Abstract rules are used in game playing that exercises cognitive functioning.

27 ABCDE Interaction with other children is vital for play to evolve using rules devised during play.

28 ABCDE Play foreshadows more complex adult behaviour used in daily survival.

• 24 Answer: B
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  Tips for Q24-28: You need to match terms mentioned in the paragraph with description. The tip here is to do the question in reverse: scanning the passage for the terms, read all about its details and then come back looking at each question for the same ideas.
  Q24: The child engages in active play but may fail to acknowledge other children.	At one end of the spectrum a child may be actively involved in play but alone or in parallel to other players. In both cases the child does not interact with other children in play activity.
  Note: The answer is B. Involved play. When you look at the paragraph containing information about “involved play’, you will see that this kind of play is “actively involved”, but there are cases where the child just plays on his/her own i.e. do not acknowledge others.

• 25 Answer: A
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  Q25: No attempt is made by the child to engage in active play.	Children exhibiting passive play behaviours are not involved physically in any play activity themselves.
  Note: The answer is A. Passive play. When you look at the details about this term, it means that the child just stands and looks at others actively playing while not engaging themselves. This idea corresponds with the description of Q25.

• 26 Answer: D
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  Q26: Abstract rules are used in game playing that exercises cognitive functioning.	As cognitive abilities develop in a child, they will begin to engage in cognitive play. Here, at a more complex level of this stage, the child will play games with set rules, such as chess or jacks, as well as engaging in dramatic play that involves a degree of role play.
  Note: The answer is D. Cognitive play. The ideas about this kind of playing involve the demonstration of developed cognitive abilities” and “games with set rules” like chess. These ideas all match with the idea of description Q26.

• 27 Answer: E
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  Q27: Interaction with other children is vital for play to evolve using rules devised during play.	Role play is used and the child interacts with other children to narrate and act in stories with fluid storylines that they then act out together.
  Note: The answer is E. Socio-dramatic play. The idea about this term is that a child plays with many other children. The main form in it is “role play” with “fluid storylines” or storylines that can be altered throughout the play which are essentially “rules devised during the play”.

• 28 Answer: C
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  Q28: Play foreshadows more complex adult behaviour used in daily survival.	This type of play serves to increase memory abilities and enhances reasoning and problem-solving abilities. Children at this stage use imagination to overcome what adults would term 'problem-solving'.
  Note: The answer is C. Pretend play. The idea here is children employ imagination to solve obstacles arising during playing, which is similar to the behaviour of problem-solving, which is definitely more complex and definitely being used by adults daily.

Do the following statements agree with the information given in the text?

In boxes 29-32 on your answer sheet, write

29 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Cheesemaking doesn’t just rely on purely scientific methods.

30 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Solids are initially separated from liquids through a mechanical process.

31 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Whey contains dissolved milk solids.

32 TRUEFALSENOT GIVEN Harder cheeses need more maturation than soft cheeses.

• 29 Answer: TRUE
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  Tips for Q29-32: For this kind of question, we need to skim and scan for each question. First, read each question to understand the idea of it and then skim through the passage. When skimming, you should pay attention to these details: ● topic sentences ● concluding sentences ● how the ideas are organized Skimming is necessary to find paragraph(s) that have the same ‘theme’ as the statement. Afterwards, scan the paragraph(s) for keywords and synonyms.
  Q29: Cheesemaking doesn’t just rely on purely scientific methods.	Whilst cheeses may vary greatly in taste and texture, they are all manufactured following the same 6-stage cheesemaking process: acidification, coagulation, separating curds and whey, salting, shaping and ripening. There is more than an element of art in this process, however, since cheesemakers will temper the process according to their own senses of sight, touch and smell.
  Note: The idea is mentioned in the first paragraph. The former sentence says that all cheeses are made in 6 steps, which is the sign of a scientific process. However, the latter sentence says that cheesemakers will alter such process to what seems right to their senses, so cheesemaking is less scientific than what it is. In other words, as cheesemaking also relies on the senses of the artisans, it is not scientific only. Thus, the answer here is TRUE.

• 30 Answer: FALSE
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  Q30: Solids are initially separated from liquids through a mechanical process.	Next, a substance that is known as rennet, which is obtained from the stomach lining of ruminants (or Cud-chewing herbivores, like cows), is used in the coagulation process causing milk protein to solidify. Rennet contains the active enzyme, rennin, and it is this enzyme that acts on the milk protein caseinogen to turn it into an insoluble milk protein known as casein. Since casein is insoluble, it precipitates out of the milk as a gel-like substance or curd, which contains milk solids, fats and proteins.
  Note: The process of separating solids from liquids is mentioned in the third paragraph. In it, we see that the solids are formed using some enzyme, which essentially makes it a biochemical process. If you do not know the term, you can still observe that this process does involve any kind of mixing, spraying, filtering using machines as typical of a mechanical process. In short, no mechanical process is used here. Thus, the answer is FALSE.

• 31 Answer: FALSE
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  Q31: Whey contains dissolved milk solids.	As casein precipitates out from milk, forming curds, the watery substance left surrounding the curds is known as whey.
  Note: The idea about whey is mentioned in the last sentence. In it, we see that whey is what remains after the “milk solids” curds have precipitated out, whey then cannot contain milk solids. Thus, the answer is FALSE.

• 32 Answer: NOT GIVEN
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  Q32: Harder cheeses need more maturation than soft cheeses.
  Note: We see the information about hard cheeses and soft cheeses in the next paragraph. In it, we see that hardness and softness are determined by the amount of water left in the cheeses, and there is no further mention related to maturation. Thus, the answer is NOT GIVEN.