A部分第1段

The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions – such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands – to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures)not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

A部分第1段

随着偏远地区旅游市场的蓬勃发展，世界各国都在积极推广其“荒野”地区，如山区、北极地区、沙漠、小岛和湿地，以吸引高消费的游客。这些地区的吸引力是显而易见的：根据定义，荒野旅游需要很少或没有初期投资。但这并不意味着没有成本。正如1992年联合国环境与发展大会所认识到的那样，这些地区是脆弱的（即对异常压力高度敏感），不仅在生态方面，而且在居民文化方面也是如此。在这些方面，以及地球表面覆盖比例方面，最显著的三种脆弱环境类型是沙漠、山区和北极地区。一个重要的特点是它们明显的季节性，每年有几个月的时间都是恶劣的条件。因此，包括旅游在内的大多数人类活动都局限于明确定义的一年中的某个时期。

A部分第2段

Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. This article is from Laokaoya website. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

A部分第2段

游客被这些地区的自然景观美和土著人民的独特文化所吸引。在这些偏远地区，贫困的政府欢迎新一代的“探险游客”，感激他们带来的硬通货。此文章摘自“Laokaoya”网站。尼泊尔和不丹多年来旅游已成为其外汇的主要来源。旅游业在阿尔卑斯山的拉普兰、阿拉斯加以及澳大利亚的艾尔斯岩和亚利桑那州的纪念谷等沙漠地区也是经济的重要组成部分。

B部分第1段

Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

B部分第1段

一旦一个地方成为主要旅游目的地，对当地社区的影响就是深远的。例如，当山地农民在几个星期内作为外国徒步旅行者的搬运工比在田间劳作一年能赚更多的钱时，很多农民放弃了耕种工作，这样农田就留给了家庭中的其他成员。在一些山区，这导致农田产量严重下降，当地的饮食也发生了变化，因为没有足够的劳动力来维护梯田、灌溉系统和农作物。结果是在这些地区，许多人开始依赖外部供应的大米和其他食物。

B部分第2段

In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?

B部分第2段

在北极和沙漠社区，全年的生存传统上依赖于狩猎动物、捕鱼和在相对短暂的季节内采集水果。然而，随着一些居民参与旅游业，他们再也没有时间采集野生食物；这导致对购买食物和商店的依赖增加。旅游业并不总是这些变化背后的罪魁祸首。各种形式的工资劳动或政府救济往往会削弱传统的生存系统。无论原因如何，困境总是一样的：如果这些新的外部收入来源断绝了，会发生什么？

B部分第3段

The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

B部分第3段

冒险旅游业增长带来的游客对环境的物理影响是另一个严重问题。人们关注的焦点主要集中在沿主要径路的侵蚀问题上，但可能更重要的是为了给游客提供烹饪食物和热水淋浴而引起的森林砍伐和对水源的影响。在山区和沙漠地区，生长缓慢的树木通常是主要的燃料来源，而水资源可能有限或易受大量使用引起的退化影响。

C部分第1段

Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

C部分第1段

近年来，关于旅游问题的故事比比皆是。然而，旅游并不一定是个问题。尽管旅游不可避免地影响所在地区，但对这些脆弱环境及其当地文化的代价可以最小化。事实上，旅游甚至可以成为振兴当地文化的工具，就像尼泊尔珠穆朗玛峰（Khumbu Valley）的夏尔巴人和一些阿尔卑斯山村庄一样。越来越多的冒险旅游经营者正在努力确保他们的活动长期符合当地人口和环境的利益。

C部分第2段

In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

C部分第2段

在瑞士阿尔卑斯山，社区认识到他们的未来取决于更有效地将旅游与当地经济结合起来。对于瑞士Pays d'Enhaut地区日益增多的第二住宅发展引起了当地的担忧，因此对其增长进行了限制。该地区的公共奶酪生产也出现了复兴，为当地人提供了一种可靠的收入来源，不依赖于外部游客。

C部分第3段

Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

C部分第3段

许多北极旅游目的地一直被外部公司开发利用，他们雇佣短期工人，并将大部分利润汇往其所在地。但现在一些北极社区正在运营自己的旅游业务，确保利益在当地累积。例如，在阿拉斯加，一个雇佣本地人的土著公司正在从安克雷奇飞往科兹布市的空中旅行，游客可以品尝北极食物、在苔原上漫步，欣赏当地音乐家和舞蹈演出。

C部分第4段

Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San Ildefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewelry.

C部分第4段

美国西南沙漠地区的土著人民采取了类似的策略，鼓励游客参观他们的庙堂和保留地，购买高质量的手工艺品和艺术品。阿科马（Acoma）和圣伊尔德丰索（San Ildefonso）庙堂建立了极具盈利能力的陶器业务，纳瓦霍（Navajo）和荷比（Hopi）族人的珠宝业务也取得了类似的成功。

C部分第5段

Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.

C部分第5段

当生活在脆弱环境中的人们失去对经济、文化和环境的控制时，旅游业侵入他们的家园。仅仅限制旅游业不能解决这种不平衡，因为人们对于探索新地方的愿望并不会消失。相反，脆弱环境中的社区必须在旅游企业发展中获得更大的控制权，以实现他们的需求和愿望与旅游需求的平衡。越来越多的社区正在证明，在坚定的集体决策下，这是可能的。现在的关键问题是：这是否可以成为常态，而不只是个例？