第1段

The disappointing results of many conventional road transport projects in Africa led some experts to rethink the strategy by which rural transport problems were to be tackled at the beginning of the 1980s. A request for help in improving the availability of transport within the remote Makete District of south- western Tanzania presented the opportunity to try a new approach.

 A部分：

第1段：
在1980年代初期，许多传统道路交通项目在非洲取得了令人失望的结果，这促使一些专家重新思考如何解决农村交通问题的策略。1980年代初，在坦桑尼亚西南部的马凯特地区提出改善交通可用性的帮助请求，为尝试一种新方法提供了机会。

第2段

The concept of ‘integrated rural transport’ was adopted in the task of examining the transport needs of the rural households in the district. The objective was to reduce the time and effort needed to obtain access to essential goods and services through an improved rural transport system. The underlying assumption was that the time saved would be used instead for activities that would improve the social and economic development of the communities. The Makete Integrated Rural Transport Project (MIRTP) started in 1985 with financial support from the Swiss Development Corporation and was co-ordinated with the help of the Tanzanian government.

第2段：
在研究该地区农户交通需求的任务中，采用了“综合农村交通”概念。其目标是通过改善农村交通系统，减少获取基本物品和服务所需的时间和精力。其基本假设是节省的时间将被用于改善社区的社会和经济发展。马凯特综合农村交通项目（MIRTP）始于1985年，并得到瑞士发展合作署的财政支持，并在坦桑尼亚政府的协助下进行协调。

B部分

第1段

When the project began, Makete District was virtually totally isolated during the rainy season. The regional road was in such bad shape that access to the main towns was impossible for about three months of the year. Road traffic was extremely rare within the district, and alternative means of transport were restricted to donkeys in the north of the district. People relied primarily on the paths, which were slippery and dangerous during the rains.

B部分：

第1段：
项目开始时，马凯特地区在雨季期间几乎完全与外界隔绝。地区道路非常糟糕，每年大约有三个月的时间无法通往主要城镇。地区内几乎没有道路交通，除了北部地区使用驴子等其他交通方式有限。人们主要依赖于崎岖而在雨季危险的小径。

第2段

Before solutions could be proposed, the problems had to be understood. Little was known about the transport demands of the rural households, so Phase Ⅰ, between December 1985 and December 1987, focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods, a figure which seemed extreme but which has also been obtained in surveys in other rural areas in Africa. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills.

第2段：
在提出解决方案之前，首先必须了解问题。对该地区农户交通需求了解甚少，因此，1985年12月至1987年12月实施的第一阶段侧重于研究工作。针对该地区400多户家庭进行的社会经济调查表明，马凯特每个家庭平均每天花费七小时的时间用于自己和货物的运输，这个数字似乎很高，但在非洲其他农村地区的调查中也得到了相似的结果。有关交通方面的有趣事实包括：95%以上是步行；80%发生在当地范围内；70%与取水、携带木柴和去磨坊有关。

C部分

第1段

Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified which might reduce the time and burden. During Phase Ⅱ, from January to February 1991, a number of approaches were implemented in an effort to improve mobility and access to transport.

C部分：

第1段：
在确定主要交通需求后，识别了可能减少时间和负担的解决方案。在第二阶段（1991年1月至1991年2月）期间，采取了一系列措施以改善流动性和交通可及性。

第2段

An improvement of the road network was considered necessary to ensure the import and export of goods to the district. These improvements were carried out using methods that were heavily dependent on labour. In addition to the improvement of roads, these methods provided training in the operation of a mechanical workshop and bus and truck services. However, the difference from the conventional approach was that this time consideration was given to local transport needs outside the road network.

第2段：
改善道路网络被认为是确保进出地区的货物运输的必要措施。这些改进工作主要依赖劳动力。除了道路改善外，还提供了机械车间和公共汽车、卡车服务的培训。然而，与传统方法的区别在于，这次考虑到了道路网络之外的当地交通需求。

第3段

Most goods were transported along the paths that provide short-cuts up and down the hillsides, but the paths were a real safety risk and made the journey on foot even more arduous. It made sense to improve the paths by building steps, handrails and footbridges.

第3段：
大部分货物沿着提供上下山的小径运输，但小径存在安全风险，使步行旅行更加艰难。改建小径、修建阶梯、扶手和人行桥是非常有意义的。

第4段

It was uncommon to find means of transport that were more efficient than walking but less technologically advanced than motor vehicles. The use of bicycles was constrained by their high cost and the lack of available spare parts. Oxen were not used at all but donkeys were used by a few households in the northern part of the district. MIRTP focused on what would be most appropriate for the inhabitants of Makete in terms of what was available, how much they could afford and what they were willing to accept. After careful consideration, the project chose the promotion of donkeys – a donkey costs less than a bicycle- and the introduction of a locally manufacturable wheelbarrow.

第4段：
很少有比步行更高效但技术不如机动车辆先进的交通工具。自行车的使用受到价格高昂和零部件不易获得的限制。牛几乎不被使用，但一些家庭在北部地区使用驴子。马凯特综合农村交通项目重点关注对马凯特居民来说最合适的交通方式，考虑可用性、价格和接受度。经过深思熟虑，该项目选择推广使用驴子——驴子的成本低于自行车，并引入可在当地制造的手推车。

D部分

第1段

At the end of Phase Ⅱ, it was clear that the selected approaches to Makete’s transport problems had had different degrees of success. Phase Ⅲ, from March 1991 to March 1993, focused on the refinement and institutionalisation of these activities.

D部分：

第1段：
在第二阶段结束时，可以明显地看出马凯特解决交通问题所采用的方法的成功程度不同。第三阶段（1991年3月至1993年3月）侧重于对这些活动的改进和制度化。

第2段

The road improvements and accompanying maintenance system had helped make the district centre accessible throughout the year. Essential goods from outside the district had become more readily available at the market, and prices did not fluctuate as much as they had done before.

第2段：
道路改善及其伴随的维护系统有助于使地区中心全年可达。外部货物在市场上更易获取，价格波动也不如以前那么大。

第3段

Paths and secondary roads were improved only at the request of communities who were willing to participate in construction and maintenance. However, the improved paths impressed the inhabitants, and requests for assistance greatly increased soon after only a few improvements had been completed.

第3段：
只有那些愿意参与建设和维护的社区提出要求，小径和次要道路才会得到改善。然而，改善后的小径给居民留下了深刻印象，仅完成了少数改进工作后，请求帮助的数量就大大增加。

第4段

The efforts to improve the efficiency of the existing transport services were not very successful because most of the motorised vehicles in the district broke down and there were no resources to repair them. Even the introduction of low-cost means of transport was difficult because of the general poverty of the district. The locally manufactured wheelbarrows were still too expensive for all but a few of the households. Modifications to the original design by local carpenters cut production time and costs. Other local carpenters have been trained in the new design so that they can respond to requests. Nevertheless, a locally produced wooden wheelbarrow which costs around 5000Tanzanian shillings (less than US$20) in Makete, and is about one quarter the cost of a metal wheelbarrow, is still too expensive for most people.

第4段：
改善现有交通服务效率的努力并不太成功，因为该地区的大多数机动车辆都出现故障，且无法修复。即使是引入低成本交通工具也很困难，因为该地区普遍贫困。当地制造的手推车仍然对大多数家庭来说过于昂贵。通过对原设计进行修改，当地木匠缩短了生产时间和成本。其他木匠也接受了新设计的培训，以便能够响应需求。然而，在马凯特地区，一辆当地制造的木质手推车成本约为5000坦桑尼亚先令（不到20美元），只有少数人能够负担得起，它的价格仍然对大多数人来说过高。

第5段

Donkeys, which were imported to the district, have become more common and contribute, in particular, to the transportation of crops and goods to market. Those who have bought donkeys are mainly from richer households but, with an increased supply through local breeding, donkeys should become more affordable. Meanwhile, local initiatives are promoting the renting out of the existing donkeys.

第5段：
进口到该地区的驴子变得更加普遍，并主要用于农作物和货物运输至市场。购买驴子的人主要是较富裕的家庭，但随着当地繁殖数量的增加，驴子的价格应该会变得更加实惠。与此同时，当地的倡议正在推动对现有驴子进行租赁。

第6段

It should be noted, however, that a donkey, which at 20,000Tanzanian shillings costs less than a bicycle, is still an investment equal to an average household’s income over half a year. This clearly illustrates the need for supplementary measures if one wants to assist the rural poor.

第6段：
需要注意的是，一匹驴子的成本约为2万坦桑尼亚先令，低于一辆自行车，但仍相当于一个普通家庭半年的收入。这清楚地说明了如果想帮助农村贫困人口，需要采取补充措施。

E部分

It would have been easy to criticise the MIRTP for using in the early phases a‘top-down’ approach, in which decisions were made by experts and officials before being handed down to communities, but it was necessary to start the process from the level of the governmental authorities of the district. It would have been difficult to respond to the requests of villagers and other rural inhabitants without the support and understanding of district authorities.

E部分：
MIRTP之初采用了“自上而下”的方法，即由专家和官员做出决策，然后再下达给社区，这容易受到批评。但必须从地区政府当局的层面开始这个过程是必要的。如果没有地区当局的支持和理解，将很难响应村民和其他农村居民的请求。

F部分

第1段

Today, nobody in the district argues about the importance of improved paths and inexpensive means of transport. But this is the result of dedicated work over a long period, particularly from the officers in charge  of community development. They played an essential role in raising awareness and interest among the rural communities.

F部分：

第1段：
如今，该地区没有人再对改善小径和廉价交通工具的重要性提出质疑。但这是经过长时间专注工作的结果，特别是由社区发展负责人扮演的角色。他们在提高农村社区的意识和兴趣方面起到了至关重要的作用。

第2段

The concept of integrated rural transport is now well established in Tanzania, where a major program of rural transport is just about to start. The experiences from Makete will help in this initiative, and Makete District will act as a reference for future work.